DeepSlide: From Artifacts to Presentation Delivery

# DeepSlide: From Artifacts to Presentation Delivery
Source: [https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202)
Ming Yang, Zhiwei Zhang, Jiahang Li, Haoseng Liu, Yuzheng Cai, Weiguo Zheng School of Data Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China \{yangm24, zwzhang25, jiahangli25, hsliu23, yuzhengcai21\}@m\.fudan\.edu\.cn zhengweiguo@fudan\.edu\.cn

###### Abstract

Presentations are a primary medium for scholarly communication, yet most AI slide generators optimize theartifact\(a visually plausible deck\) while under\-optimizing thedelivery process\(pacing, narrative, and presentation preparation\)\. We presentDeepSlide, a human\-in\-the\-loop multi\-agent system that supports preparing thefull presentation process, from requirement elicitation and time\-budgeted narrative planning, to evidence\-grounded slide–script generation, attention augmentation, and rehearsal support\. DeepSlide integrates \(i\) a controllable logical\-chain planner with per\-node time budgets, \(ii\) a lightweight content\-tree retriever for grounding, \(iii\) Markov\-style sequential rendering with style inheritance, and \(iv\) sandboxed execution with minimal repair to ensure renderability\. We further introduce a dual\-scoreboard benchmark that cleanly separates static artifact quality from dynamic delivery excellence\. Across 20 domains and diverse audience profiles,DeepSlidematches strong baselines on artifact quality while consistently achieving larger gains on delivery metrics, improving narrative flow, pacing precision, and slide–script synergy with clearer attention guidance\.

![Refer to caption](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/pic_main_exp_perf.jpg)Figure 1:Main experiment on 20 domains \(left is delivery scoreboard, while right is artifact scoreboard\)\.## 1Introduction

Presentations are a primary medium for communicating information and ideas, playing a central role in scholarly exchange\[[17](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib8)\]\. Delivering a high\-quality talk typically requires not only a well\-designed slide deck, but also a coherent, well\-paced narrative aligned with the slides and substantial preparation \(e\.g\., rehearsal and planning for audience interaction\)\[[2](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib16)\]\. As a result, talk preparation remains time\-consuming, spanning both content authoring and delivery readiness\.

Recent advances in large language models \(LLMs\) and multimodal models have begun to reduce this burden\[[9](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib11),[23](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib13),[29](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib15)\]by improving document understanding and information extraction, and enabling increasingly reliable multimodal synthesis\. Leveraging these model capabilities, agentic systems can ingest source materials, synthesize textual and visual content, and orchestrate multi\-step workflows with structured decisions \(e\.g\., outlining, emphasis, pacing\)\. Meanwhile, engineering frameworks such as LangChain\[[19](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib17)\], AutoGPT\[[36](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib19)\], AutoGen\[[28](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib20)\], CAMEL\[[21](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib21)\], and MetaGPT\[[15](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib22)\]further lower the implementation cost of tool use and multi\-agent coordination\. Together, these advances have made presentation agents practical and productizable, exemplified by Manus\[[24](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib23)\], Gamma\[[8](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib24)\], NotebookLM\[[12](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib25)\], Qwen\[[34](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib28)\], Coze\[[5](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib27)\], and the open\-source PPTAgent\[[41](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib6)\]\.These systems can already produce visually polished slide decks quickly, often with editing and refinement support\.

However, prior research \(e\.g\.,\[[25](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib1)\]\) together with practical observations suggests that a good presentation should not be defined primarily by how visually appealing the materials are\. Instead, it hinges on whether information is structured and delivered in a way that aligns with the audience’s cognitive and attentional constraints—clear organization, restrained distractions, and sustained guidance of audience attention\. Consequently, even if these systems can produce polished and editable decks, artifact quality alone is insufficient to be equated with a high\-quality presentation\[[17](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib8)\]\. Effective presentation delivery is a human\-centered communication problem, not a slide\-design problem alone\.

We summarize three key gaps in existing slide agents: \(1\)Missing narrative strategy choices\.Most systems either skip explicit narrative planning or output a single, generic outline that is often non\-editable and weakly personalized\. More critically, they rarely treat*storytelling strategy*as a controllable design space: users are not offered multiple narrative styles to choose from \(e\.g\., skeptic\-to\-believer persuasion, myth\-busting reframing, trade\-off navigation, or detective\-style ablation reveal\), nor are they guided to allocate time\-budgeted emphasis accordingly \(what to elaborate vs\. compress\)\. \(2\)Limited delivery\-time attention strategy\.Existing agents predominantly deliver static slide decks; for long\-form logical arguments, complex experimental results, or detail\-dense figures, they often lack content\-aware mechanisms to guide attention during delivery \(e\.g\., progressive revelation, focus/zoom cues, and tailored visual encodings\)\. Although some agents \(e\.g\., Qwen\[[34](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib28)\], Coze\[[5](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib27)\]\) generate mind maps or data visualizations, these outputs are often static and template\-driven, providing limited*delivery\-time*attention guidance tailored to the actual slide content; predefined animations or template\-based highlights, when available, are rarely content\-aware enough to adapt attention strategy to dense figures and complex results\. \(3\)Insufficient rehearsal support\.Most approaches stop at producing slides, offering limited support for rehearsal and delivery preparation \(e\.g\., generating a well\-aligned, non\-redundant script, anticipating live contingencies, and providing practice\-time feedback\), leaving users to design narration, plan interaction, and rehearse on their own\. Overall, current slide agents mainly reduce the cost of deck authoring, but do not fully alleviate the end\-to\-end workload of presentation preparation\.

![Refer to caption](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/x1.png)Figure 2:Limitations of existing approaches and theDeepSlide\.To address these gaps, we proposeDeepSlide, a four\-stage \(Fig\.[3](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#S2.F3)\) end\-to\-end presentation agent that optimizes for full presentation delivery rather than static materials alone\. First, instead of producing a generic, fixed outline, it elicits audience\-, time\-, and goal\-specific requirements through free\-form dialogue and generates multiple time\-budgeted narrative logical\-chain candidates, enabling users to select and refine an appropriate storytelling strategy tailored to the target audience before slide generation\. Second, it enables*narrative\-node\-level*logical\-chain editing—users can reorder/insert/remove/modify nodes, adjust per\-node time budgets, and add non\-linear cross\-references—so the speaker explicitly controls the macro storyline and emphasis plan; each node can be expanded into one or more slides during generation\. Once the chain is finalized,DeepSlideretrieves supporting evidence from the indexed source materials to ground subsequent slide generation for each narrative node\. Third, to better sustain audience attention during delivery,DeepSlideaugments static decks with content\-aware, selectable attention\-control tools \(e\.g\., narrative\-intent\-driven figure zooming, table\-to\-visualization transformation, and text\-to\-diagram concretization\), together with interactive refinement and one\-click layout optimization\. Fourth, it goes beyond deck delivery by co\-generating a synchronized, non\-redundant speaker script aligned with the narrative nodes, supporting audience\-perspective rehearsal \(with optional audio\), and providing evaluation with actionable revision suggestions and slide\-level question simulation\.

Together, these designs reduce end\-to\-end preparation workload by letting the speaker lock in high\-level decisions \(narrative skeleton, pacing/emphasis, and audience\-conditioned style intent\) whileDeepSlidehandles evidence\-grounded realization, delivery\-time attention augmentation, and rehearsal\-time feedback\.

Current benchmarks\[[1](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib4),[41](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib6),[37](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib7),[4](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib37),[39](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib41),[31](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib9),[16](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib39)\]mainly evaluate the*slide artifact*alone, leaving delivery\-oriented qualities under\-measured\. Accordingly, we extend conventional static deck evaluation with a*dual\-scoreboard*benchmark consisting of anArtifact Scoreboardand aDelivery Scoreboard\. The former aligns with prior practice and assesses the quality of generated slide materials, while the latter evaluates delivery\-oriented qualities, including narrative coherence, pacing control, and audience\-attention guidance\.

##### Contributions\.

In summary, we make the following contributions:

- •We presentDeepSlide, a four\-stage, human\-in\-the\-loop multi\-agent system for deliverable presentation preparation\.
- •We introduce a dual\-scoreboard benchmark that disentangles artifact quality from delivery quality, enabling evaluation beyond static slides\.
- •We develop lightweight yet principled mechanisms for controllable and reliable generation, including tree\-aware retrieval for grounding, time\-budgeted logical\-chain editing with pacing feedback, Markov\-style sequential rendering with style inheritance, and browser\-sandbox validation for robust rendering\.
- •Extensive evaluations across 20 research domains and 5 audience profiles show thatDeepSlidematches strong baselines on the Artifact Scoreboard while substantially improving the Delivery Scoreboard, reducing both preparation overhead and live\-speaker effort\.

## 2DeepSlide

![Refer to caption](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/x2.png)Figure 3:Overview\.*Stage 1:*requirement elicitation and narrative proposal;*Stage 2:*logical chain editing and evidence\-grounded generation;*Stage 3:*interactive slide refinement and attention\-oriented augmentation;*Stage 4:*rehearsal and dual\-scoreboard evaluation\. Effects in Stage 3:![Refer to caption](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/attn_logo_image_focus.png)Image Focus,![Refer to caption](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/attn_logo_text2diagram.png)Text to Diagram,![Refer to caption](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/attn_logo_keynote.png)Keynote,![Refer to caption](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/attn_logo_data_viz.png)Data Visualization,![Refer to caption](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/attn_logo_motion.png)Motion,![Refer to caption](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/attn_logo_background.png)Background,![Refer to caption](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/attn_logo_auto_layout.png)Auto Layout\(Qwen3\.5\[[33](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib18)\]as example\)\.### 2\.1Overview

DeepSlidesupports multi\-source inputs in diverse formats and optimizes for the full delivery process\. After materials are uploaded, it follows a four\-stage pipeline\.

##### Stage 1: Requirement elicitation and narrative proposal\.

DeepSlideconducts free dialogue \(text or speech\) to elicit presentation requirements, including the target audience, total duration, key emphasis, and preferred style, while building a lightweight*content\-tree index*over the source materials for later evidence retrieval\. It then produces four time\-budgeted*narrative logic chain*candidates, each distributing the total duration in a well\-balanced manner\.

##### Stage 2: Logical chain editing and evidence\-grounded generation\.

A logical chain is an ordered sequence of narrative nodes that abstracts the talk progression\. DeepSlide supports logical chain editing \(reorder/insert/remove/modify nodes, and adjust duration\) and*non\-linear narrative enhancement*by creating cross\-references to serve as a connecting link between the preceding and the following\. Once finalized, the system follows the chain, retrieves supporting evidence blocks from the content\-tree index, and generates an audience\-friendly, time\-consistent slide along with a synchronized script aligned, where the two are designed to stay on\-topic while minimizing redundancy\.

##### Stage 3: Interactive slide refinement and attention\-oriented augmentation\.

Users can refine slides and scripts via dialogue or speech with instant preview\.DeepSlideprovides one\-click layout/typography optimization and mutiple freely selectable AI tools for delivery\-time*attention control*: It identifies corresponding regions in complex figures based on the narrative intent and automatically zooms in on the corresponding areas\. converts static tables into interactive visualizations; and turns verbose text into diagrams to improve readability and reduce cognitive load\. It also supports text keynote, animations, and audio preview by extracting a speaker voice from conversational speech and synthesizing narration via TTS model\[[42](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib29)\]\.

##### Stage 4: Rehearsal and dual\-scoreboard evaluation\.

DeepSlidesupports audience\-perspective rehearsal \(with optional rehearsal audio\)\. It further provides a dual\-scoreboard evaluation that assesses artifact quality and delivery quality, and computes scores and revision suggestions grounded in the evaluation results, source materials, and user requirements\. To further reduce preparation burden, it can simulate likely audience questions\. Finally, DeepSlide enables one\-click packaging/export\.

### 2\.2Stage 1: Requirement Elicitation and Narrative Proposal

![Refer to caption](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/x3.png)Figure 4:Requirement elicitation and narrative proposal \(Stage 1\)\.This stage aligns the user’s presentation intent with the paper content and, under a time budget, proposes candidate narrative modes as a stable scaffold for slide generation\. Guided by system\-prompt constraints, the agent elicits key requirements \(audience, duration, focus, and style\) and uses paper\-aware follow\-up questions to converge to a complete presentation blueprint through multi\-turn dialogue\. The dialogue yields two artifacts: a content tree and a set of candidate logical chains, which is shown in Fig[4](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#S2.F4)\.

##### Content tree\.

Naively passing the full paper to an LLM on every generation step is both token\-wasteful and imprecise: large undifferentiated text blocks introduce irrelevant context that degrades generation quality\. A vector\-database pipeline avoids this but is unnecessarily heavy for single\-document parsing\. The content tree occupies the middle ground: a typed, hierarchical index built directly from the source, enabling targeted retrieval without embeddings or approximate\-search infrastructure\. Construction proceeds in three steps\.*\(i\) Source normalization\.*Mixed uploads \(LaTeX, Markdown, Word, PDF, or nested archives\) are unified intoLaTeXviapandoc; the root file is located and all`\\input`/`\\include`directives are recursively flattened into a single stream\.*\(ii\) Lossless segmentation\.*Structural headings partition the stream into typed slices; artifact slices \(type∈\\in\{equation,figure,table,theorem,algorithm\}\) are never merged with adjacent text, preserving them as atomic retrieval units\. Each slice is assigned an LLM\-generatedabstractsummarizing its own content\.*\(iii\) Hierarchical index construction\.*Each slice becomes aContentTreeNode⟨id,title,level,type,abstract,content⟩\\langle\\textit\{id\},\\textit\{title\},\\textit\{level\},\\textit\{type\},\\textit\{abstract\},\\textit\{content\}\\rangle, wherelevelfollows the document hierarchy \(ℓ=1\\ell\{=\}1for`\\section`,ℓ=2\\ell\{=\}2for`\\subsection`, etc\.\)\. The slices are retained in document order, forming the flat sequence𝒩=⟨n1,…,nm⟩\\mathcal\{N\}=\\langle n\_\{1\},\\dots,n\_\{m\}\\rangle; a monotonic stackSS\(Alg\.[1](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#alg1)\) then links them into a tree in a singleO​\(m\)O\(m\)pass: when processingnin\_\{i\}, all nodes withℓ​\(S​\.top\)≥ℓ​\(ni\)\\ell\(S\\text\{\.top\}\)\\geq\\ell\(n\_\{i\}\)are popped; the remaining top isnin\_\{i\}’s parent \(ornin\_\{i\}becomes a root ifSSis empty\), thennin\_\{i\}is pushed\.SSthus always holds the unique ancestor chain from the current root to the deepest open section, correctly nesting each node under its nearest enclosing heading\. The resulting tree mirrors the paper’s logical outline and supports context\-aware BM25 retrieval: each node’s relevance score is jointly influenced by its own content, its children’s scores, and its parent’s score, enabling multi\-granularity access from section\-level overviews down to fine\-grained leaf nodes\.

Algorithm 1Hierarchical content tree construction\.1:Ordered nodes

𝒩=⟨n1,…,nm⟩\\mathcal\{N\}=\\langle n\_\{1\},\\dots,n\_\{m\}\\ranglewith integer level

ℓ​\(n\)\\ell\(n\)
2:Root list

ℛ\\mathcal\{R\}and parents/children for all nodes

3:

ℛ←∅\\mathcal\{R\}\\leftarrow\\emptyset,

S←∅S\\leftarrow\\emptyset⊳\\trianglerightmonotonic stack increasing levels

4:for

i←1i\\leftarrow 1to

mmdo

5:

n←nin\\leftarrow n\_\{i\}
6:while

S≠∅∧ℓ​\(top​\(S\)\)≥ℓ​\(n\)S\\neq\\emptyset\\land\\ell\(\\mathrm\{top\}\(S\)\)\\geq\\ell\(n\)do

pop​\(S\)\\mathrm\{pop\}\(S\)
7:if

S=∅S=\\emptysetthenappend

nnto

ℛ\\mathcal\{R\}
8:else

p←top​\(S\)p\\leftarrow\\mathrm\{top\}\(S\),

n\.p​a​r​e​n​t←pn\.parent\\leftarrow p,

p\.c​h​i​l​d​r​e​n←p\.c​h​i​l​d​r​e​n∪\{n\}p\.children\\leftarrow p\.children\\cup\\\{n\\\}
9:

push​\(S,n\)\\mathrm\{push\}\(S,n\)
10:return

ℛ\\mathcal\{R\}

##### Logical chain recommendation\.

After the content tree is built, DeepSlide generates four candidate logical chains, each embodying a distinct narrative style, via two complementary pipelines\.*\(i\) Template\-guided think–retrieve generation\.*The agent first selects four narrative templates from a template library conditioned on the multi\-turn dialogue history and the paper abstract\. For each template, it executes a think–retrieve loop: the agent retrieves the paper outline and BM25\-ranked evidence from the content tree, then synthesizes the retrieved content with the dialogue context and template constraints to produce a personalized chain\.*\(ii\) Duration\-aware time allocation\.*The agent parses the target talk duration from the dialogue history and retrieves section\-level evidence to estimate relative node importance\. It then distributes the total time across nodes proportionally to theirimportance ratios\.

### 2\.3Logical Chain Editing and Evidence\-grounded Generation \(Stage 2\)\.

Stage 2 supports editing of the selected logical chain, and evidence\-grounded slide generation \(Fig[5](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#S2.F5)\)\.

![Refer to caption](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/x4.png)Figure 5:Logical chain editing and evidence\-grounded generation \(Stage 2\)\.#### 2\.3\.1Logical Chain Editing

Stage 2 enables users to refine the narrative plan before slide generation by editing the logical chain\. Users can reorder, insert, remove, or modify logical nodes \(e\.g\., “add an ablation slide” or “move limitations earlier”\), and adjust per\-node time budgets to match the target duration\.

#### 2\.3\.2Content Tree Retrieval

##### Okapi\-BM25 index\.

To support fast/precise retrieval, we overlay a lightweight Okapi\-BM25 index on Stage 1 content tree\. We stripLaTeXcommands, truncate overly long spans by hyperparameterlmaxl\_\{\\mathrm\{max\}\}, and compute corpus statistics once, including document lengthdl​\(n\)\\mathrm\{dl\}\(n\), average lengthavgdl\\mathrm\{avgdl\}, and term document frequencydf​\(t\)\\mathrm\{df\}\(t\)\.

##### Tree\-aware scoring\.

Given a queryqq, we first tokenize it into a multiset of termsQ=tokenize​\(q\)Q=\\mathrm\{tokenize\}\(q\)and compute a base Okapi\-BM25 scores0​\(n\)s\_\{0\}\(n\)for every node\-documentn∈𝒩n\\in\\mathcal\{N\}\. In our implementation, BM25 is computed with standard length normalization \(Alg\.[2](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#alg2)\): for each query termt∈Qt\\in Q, we formidf​\(t\)=log⁡\(1\+\|𝒩\|−df​\(t\)\+0\.5df​\(t\)\+0\.5\)\\mathrm\{idf\}\(t\)=\\log\\\!\\big\(1\+\\frac\{\|\\mathcal\{N\}\|\-\\mathrm\{df\}\(t\)\+0\.5\}\{\\mathrm\{df\}\(t\)\+0\.5\}\\big\)and accumulate a saturated term\-frequency contributions0​\(n\)=∑t∈Qidf​\(t\)⋅tf​\(t,n\)⋅\(k1\+1\)tf​\(t,n\)\+k1⋅\(1−b\+b⋅dl​\(n\)/avgdl\),s\_\{0\}\(n\)=\\sum\_\{t\\in Q\}\\mathrm\{idf\}\(t\)\\cdot\\frac\{\\mathrm\{tf\}\(t,n\)\\cdot\(k\_\{1\}\+1\)\}\{\\mathrm\{tf\}\(t,n\)\+k\_\{1\}\\cdot\(1\-b\+b\\cdot\\mathrm\{dl\}\(n\)/\\mathrm\{avgdl\}\)\},wheretf​\(t,n\)\\mathrm\{tf\}\(t,n\)is the within\-node term frequency anddl​\(n\)\\mathrm\{dl\}\(n\)is the node\-document length\. We then inject structural priors from the content tree in two complementary directions\. First,*child\-to\-parent promotion*makes a section\-level node competitive when its descendants contain the most relevant evidence; second,*parent\-to\-child promotion*propagates topic\-level relevance downward so that fine\-grained nodes are not overly penalized when the query matches a broader heading\. Concretely, we define the tree\-aware score

s​\(n\)=s0​\(n\)\+αtree​∑c∈children​\(n\)s0​\(c\)⏟children→parent\+βtree​s0​\(parent​\(n\)\)⏟parent→children\.s\(n\)=s\_\{0\}\(n\)\+\{\\color\[rgb\]\{0\.80078125,0\.4140625,0\.1015625\}\\definecolor\[named\]\{pgfstrokecolor\}\{rgb\}\{0\.80078125,0\.4140625,0\.1015625\}\\underbrace\{\\alpha\_\{\\mathrm\{tree\}\}\\sum\_\{c\\in\\mathrm\{children\}\(n\)\}s\_\{0\}\(c\)\}\_\{\\mathrm\{children\\to parent\}\}\}\+\{\\color\[rgb\]\{0\.14453125,0\.5546875,0\.5546875\}\\definecolor\[named\]\{pgfstrokecolor\}\{rgb\}\{0\.14453125,0\.5546875,0\.5546875\}\\underbrace\{\\beta\_\{\\mathrm\{tree\}\}s\_\{0\}\(\\mathrm\{parent\}\(n\)\)\\vphantom\{\\sum\_\{c\\in\\mathrm\{children\}\(n\)\}s\_\{0\}\(c\)\}\}\_\{\\mathrm\{parent\\to children\}\}\}\.\(1\)withs0​\(parent​\(n\)\)=0s\_\{0\}\(\\mathrm\{parent\}\(n\)\)=0for roots\. Finally, we apply a query\-granularity depth bias to align retrieval granularity with user intent: if\|𝒬\|≤m0\|\\mathcal\{Q\}\|\\leq m\_\{0\}\(overview queries\), we downweight deep nodes by11\+γtree⋅depth​\(n\)\\frac\{1\}\{1\+\\gamma\_\{\\mathrm\{tree\}\}\\cdot\\mathrm\{depth\}\(n\)\}; otherwise \(detail queries\), we upweight deep nodes by\(1\+δtree⋅depth​\(n\)\)\(1\+\\delta\_\{\\mathrm\{tree\}\}\\cdot\\mathrm\{depth\}\(n\)\)\. The total query\-time cost is dominated by computings0​\(n\)s\_\{0\}\(n\)over all nodes and aggregating child scores over edges\. With precomputed term statistics, the scoring isO​\(\|𝒩\|⋅\|𝒬\|\+\|ℰ\|\)O\(\|\\mathcal\{N\}\|\\cdot\|\\mathcal\{Q\}\|\+\|\\mathcal\{E\}\|\)\.

Algorithm 2Tree\-aware BM25 retrieval over a content tree\.1:Nodes

𝒩\\mathcal\{N\}, corpus stats

df/dl/avgdl\\mathrm\{df\}/\\mathrm\{dl\}/\\mathrm\{avgdl\}, fusion params

\(αtree,βtree\)\(\\alpha\_\{\\mathrm\{tree\}\},\\beta\_\{\\mathrm\{tree\}\}\), depth\-bias params

\(γtree,δtree\)\(\\gamma\_\{\\mathrm\{tree\}\},\\delta\_\{\\mathrm\{tree\}\}\), threshold

m0m\_\{0\}, query

qq, top\-

KK
2:Ranked nodes

RR
3:

𝒬←tokenize​\(q\)\\mathcal\{Q\}\\leftarrow\\mathrm\{tokenize\}\(q\),

m←\|Q\|m\\leftarrow\|Q\|
4:for all

t∈𝒬t\\in\\mathcal\{Q\}do

idf​\(t\)←log⁡\(1\+\|𝒩\|−df​\(t\)\+0\.5df​\(t\)\+0\.5\)\\mathrm\{idf\}\(t\)\\leftarrow\\log\\\!\\Big\(1\+\\frac\{\|\\mathcal\{N\}\|\-\\mathrm\{df\}\(t\)\+0\.5\}\{\\mathrm\{df\}\(t\)\+0\.5\}\\Big\)
5:for all

n∈𝒩n\\in\\mathcal\{N\}do

s0​\(n\)←BM25​\(n,𝒬,idf,dl,avgdl\)s\_\{0\}\(n\)\\leftarrow\\textsc\{BM25\}\(n,\\mathcal\{Q\},\\mathrm\{idf\},\\mathrm\{dl\},\\mathrm\{avgdl\}\)
6:for all

n∈𝒩n\\in\\mathcal\{N\}do⊳\\trianglerights0​\(parent​\(n\)\)=0s\_\{0\}\(\\mathrm\{parent\}\(n\)\)=0if root

7:

s​\(n\)←s0​\(n\)\+αtree⋅∑c∈children​\(n\)s0​\(c\)\+βtree⋅s0​\(parent​\(n\)\)s\(n\)\\leftarrow s\_\{0\}\(n\)\\;\+\\;\\alpha\_\{\\mathrm\{tree\}\}\\\!\\cdot\\\!\\sum\_\{c\\in\\mathrm\{children\}\(n\)\}s\_\{0\}\(c\)\\;\+\\;\\beta\_\{\\mathrm\{tree\}\}\\\!\\cdot\\\!s\_\{0\}\(\\mathrm\{parent\}\(n\)\)
8:if

m≤m0m\\leq m\_\{0\}then

s​\(n\)←s​\(n\)⋅11\+γtree⋅depth​\(n\)s\(n\)\\leftarrow s\(n\)\\cdot\\frac\{1\}\{1\+\\gamma\_\{\\mathrm\{tree\}\}\\cdot\\mathrm\{depth\}\(n\)\}
9:else

s​\(n\)←s​\(n\)⋅\(1\+δtree⋅depth​\(n\)\)s\(n\)\\leftarrow s\(n\)\\cdot\(1\+\\delta\_\{\\mathrm\{tree\}\}\\cdot\\mathrm\{depth\}\(n\)\)
10:return

topK​\(\{\(n,s​\(n\)\):s​\(n\)\>0\},K\)\\mathrm\{topK\}\(\\\{\(n,s\(n\)\):\\,s\(n\)\>0\\\},K\)

#### 2\.3\.3Evidence\-grounded Generation

DeepSlideinstantiates a tool\-augmented generation agent to convert each logical\-chain node into a short segment of slides and an aligned speaker script under a strict per\-node time budget\. Rather than a single\-pass “retrieve once, then write” workflow \(e\.g\., Gamma\[[8](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib24)\], NoteBookLM\[[12](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib25)\]\), the agent follows a multi\-turn loop: it iteratively retrieves evidence, drafts a candidate slide, checks pacing, and then decides whether to refine, expand, or stop\. This closed\-loop design is critical for producing delivery\-ready artifacts that remain grounded while being sensitive to time and narrative constraints\.

##### Tool\-call driven multi\-round reasoning\.

For a target logical node with a topic name and description, the agent is equipped with a small set of retrieval and creation tools, and can call them multiple times in a single generation of a logical node:

- •Tree retrieval and reading\.The agent first retrieves top\-KKrelevant content\-tree nodes w\.r\.t its thinking using the tree\-aware scoring in Alg\.[2](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#alg2)\. It then reads the full content spans of the selected nodes to collect grounded evidence before writing\.
- •Complementarity between slide and script\.After interpreting the evidence, the agent can append \(i\) a new slide frame, \(ii\) its aligned speaker script, and \(iii\) optional bibliography entries\. Slide content and spoken script are designed to be*highly related but not redundant*: slides keep key points and visual anchors, while details is delegated to the script\.
- •Pacing control\.A countdown timer w\.r\.t\. a logical node is continuously updated and, after each slide is generated, produces immediate feedback based on the estimated script length to regulate the remaining generation granularity under the time budget\. When ample time remains, the timer stays silent; once the remaining time drops below half, it issues a cautionary prompt; when the budget is exhausted, it instructs the agent to aggressively compress and finish; and if a preset overrun threshold is exceeded, it forcibly terminates further slide generation\.
- •Web search\.When a logical node requires background that is not present in the uploaded document, the system can optionally query the web to fetch supporting evidence\.

#### 2\.3\.4Non\-linear Narrative Enhancement and Compilation

Beyond linear ordering, DeepSlide also supports*non\-linear narrative enhancement*: the agent may automatically create cross\-references between nodes to bridge the preceding and following context, improving transitions and global coherence \(e\.g\., foreshadowing an upcoming result or recall a prior definition\)\. A compilation agent renders the slides under system prompts, automatically detects build failures, and performs sandboxed debugging in a Docker container via iterative read/write and code\-execution tools\.

### 2\.4Stage 3: Interactive slide refinement and attention\-oriented augmentation

Stage 3 turns the static outputs from Stage 2 into a delivery\-ready, interactive deck\. Let the deck be a slide sequence\{fksrc\}k=1m\\\{f^\{\\mathrm\{src\}\}\_\{k\}\\\}\_\{k=1\}^\{m\}\. Stage 3 produces an augmented dynamic sequence\{fkdst\}k=1m\\\{f^\{\\mathrm\{dst\}\}\_\{k\}\\\}\_\{k=1\}^\{m\}, while supporting refinement via text/voice dialogue \(see Fig[6](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#S2.F6)\)\.

#### 2\.4\.1Dialogue Refinement

DeepSlidesupports user\-in\-the\-loop refinement at both the slide and script levels\. A user refinement instruction can be given via text or speech \(transcribed by ASR\)\. We use a planner–executor manner to translate complex instruction into a few edit actions and apply minimal, localized updates to the affected parts\.

#### 2\.4\.2Attention Augmentation

The core goal is to convert the source sequence\{fksrc\}k=1m\\\{f\_\{k\}^\{\\mathrm\{src\}\}\\\}\_\{k=1\}^\{m\}into an augmented sequence\{fkdst\}k=1m\\\{f\_\{k\}^\{\\mathrm\{dst\}\}\\\}\_\{k=1\}^\{m\}under two simultaneous optimization targets:*\(i\) stability/fidelity*, preserving the original content and structure, and*\(ii\) attention gain*, introducing controlled dynamic effects that improve audience attention and delivery clarity\. Unlike template\-based PPT agents that hard\-code stability by forcing slides into fixed layouts, DeepSlide adopts a two\-step augmentation framework\. First, we augment slides in delivery order via Markov\-style sequential control, where the agent triggers deterministic effect functions to improve focused attention under predefined strategies; Second, since template\-free rendering may be unstable, we validate the generated deck in a sandboxed browser and feed back runtime errors to revise the plans, ensuring successful rendering finally\. This encourages a consistent style while maximizing the dynamic/modern rendering of an agent\-based template\-free approach\.

![Refer to caption](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/x5.png)Figure 6:Interactive slide refinement and attention\-oriented augmentation \(Stage 3\), wherefksrcf\_\{k\}^\{\\mathrm\{src\}\}andfkdstf\_\{k\}^\{\\mathrm\{dst\}\}are the original and augmented slides,σdeck\\sigma\_\{\\mathrm\{deck\}\}is the Stage 1 deck style, andσk−1\\sigma\_\{k\-1\}is the previous\-slide style\.##### Markov sequential control\.

As shown in Fig[6](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#S2.F6), for slidefkf\_\{k\}, an LLM\-based planner conditions on its source contentfksrcf\_\{k\}^\{\\mathrm\{src\}\}, a user requirement profile𝒰\\mathcal\{U\}, a deck\-level style summaryσdeck\\sigma\_\{\\mathrm\{deck\}\}, and a compact summary of the previously generated slideσk−1\\sigma\_\{k\-1\}, yielding a Markov\-style\(first\-order\) dependency:sk=\(fksrc,𝒰,σdeck,σk−1\),fkdst=T​\(fksrc,π​\(sk\)\),s\_\{k\}=\(f\_\{k\}^\{\\mathrm\{src\}\},\\mathcal\{U\},\\sigma\_\{\\mathrm\{deck\}\},\\sigma\_\{k\-1\}\),\\quad f^\{\\mathrm\{dst\}\}\_\{k\}=T\\\!\\big\(f\_\{k\}^\{\\mathrm\{src\}\},\\,\\pi\(s\_\{k\}\)\\big\),whereπ\\pidenotes the LLM that maps the statesks\_\{k\}to a structured augmentation decision for slidekk\(e\.g\., which effects to apply and how to stage them\), andTTis a deterministic renderer that executes the decision to producefkdstf^\{\\mathrm\{dst\}\}\_\{k\}\. The overall process is shown in Alg[3](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#alg3), where the termσk−1\\sigma\_\{k\-1\}enforces cross\-slide style continuity \(instead of any template\), whilefkf\_\{k\}and𝒰\\mathcal\{U\}enable per\-slide, content\-conditioned customization under validity constraints\.

Algorithm 3Markov\-style sequential generation with style inheritance\.1:Source slides

\{fksrc\}k=1m\\\{f\_\{k\}^\{\\mathrm\{src\}\}\\\}\_\{k=1\}^\{m\}, requirement profile

𝒰\\mathcal\{U\}, deck style summary

σdeck\\sigma\_\{\\mathrm\{deck\}\}, planner

π\\pi, renderer

TT, style summarizer

SS
2:Augmented slides

\{fkdst\}k=1m\\\{f\_\{k\}^\{\\mathrm\{dst\}\}\\\}\_\{k=1\}^\{m\}
3:

σ0←σdeck\\sigma\_\{0\}\\leftarrow\\sigma\_\{\\mathrm\{deck\}\}
4:for

k←1,…,mk\\leftarrow 1,\\dots,mdo

5:

sk←\(fksrc,𝒰,σdeck,σk−1\)s\_\{k\}\\leftarrow\\big\(f\_\{k\}^\{\\mathrm\{src\}\},\\,\\mathcal\{U\},\\,\\sigma\_\{\\mathrm\{deck\}\},\\,\\sigma\_\{k\-1\}\\big\),

ak←π​\(sk\)a\_\{k\}\\leftarrow\\pi\(s\_\{k\}\),

fkdst←T​\(fksrc,ak\)f\_\{k\}^\{\\mathrm\{dst\}\}\\leftarrow T\\\!\\left\(f\_\{k\}^\{\\mathrm\{src\}\},a\_\{k\}\\right\)
6:

σk←\\sigma\_\{k\}\\leftarrowsummarize style description for next Markov state

7:return

\{fkdst\}k=1m\\\{f\_\{k\}^\{\\mathrm\{dst\}\}\\\}\_\{k=1\}^\{m\}

##### Attention strategies\.

DeepSlide represents attention enhancement as freely selectable effect setℰ\\mathcal\{E\}encoded in the Stage 3 and rendered deterministically\. We separate effects into four classes:

- •Image focus\.This feature enables localized focus on complex figures during delivery\. Rather than allowing arbitrary boxes \(current VLMs struggle to identify focused regions\), the system selects a focus template from a small predefined set \(e\.g\., left/right split,2×22\\times 2grid\), which deterministically maps to normalized regions of interest \(ROIs\)\. The renderer then generates clickable ROI tiles with a lightbox interaction to guide attention without modifying the original figure\.
- •Text to diagram\.For slides with convoluted and verbose text, we switch to a diagram\-style layout to improve delivery clarity\. We use a LLM to draft a diagram design specification fromfksrcf^\{\\mathrm\{src\}\}\_\{k\}’s text and then invoke an open\-source diagram generator \(e\.g\., next\-ai\-draw\-io\[[6](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib14)\]\) to render it\.
- •Data Visualization\.Whenfksrcf^\{\\mathrm\{src\}\}\_\{k\}contains tabular data, the system can detect it and generate a table\-centric design, which is then rendered as interactive visualizations using open\-source frontend libraries such as ECharts\[[20](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib12)\]with matching form\.
- •Other Effects\.We further provide lightweight attention cues that add no new semantic content\. For example,*Text Keynote*highlights a few critical phrases \(e\.g\., key numbers “3×\\times”\)\.*Auto Layout*restructures dense paragraphs into clearer visual organizations \(e\.g\., step\-wise process blocks or card\-style summaries\)\.*Motion*introduces subtle entry animations to guide reading order, and*Background*non\-intrusively adds a content\-aware,bento\-style backdrop that improves visual coherence without occluding the main text\.

##### Effect conflict and gating\.

To prevent conflicts between effects, we apply a deterministic gating rule before planning: each slide can have*at most one primary visual effect*from\{\\\{Image Focus, Table Viz, Text to Diagram\}\\\}, with priorityImage Focus≻Table Visualization≻Text to Diagram\\text\{Image Focus\}\\succ\\text\{Table Visualization\}\\succ\\text\{Text to Diagram\}\. The effect is selected if and only if the effect setℰ\\mathcal\{E\}includes “structural recognition” \(e\.g\., figure/tabular\) and the priority conditions are satisfied\.

##### Sandbox\-guided rendering stabilization\.

Since template\-free augmentation can occasionally render poorly,DeepSlideexecutes each generated slide in a lightweight browser sandbox to detect layout and runtime failures\. Detected issues are fed back for a minimal repair\.

#### 2\.4\.3Audio Rehearsal with User Voice\.

DeepSlideprovides a per\-slide speech audio preview by synthesizingpkp\_\{k\}into a waveform via TTS\[[42](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib29)\]\. The user’s voice profile is derived from both a audio library and real\-time voiceprint captured during previous dialogues, which enables users to review their presentation from an audience’s perspective\.

### 2\.5Stage 4: Rehearsal and dual\-scoreboard evaluation

Stage 4 turns a generated deck into a deliverable talk by providing rehearsal guidance \(including audio preview generated in Stage 3\) and post\-hoc evaluation\. The dual\-scoreboard protocol is formalized in Section[3](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#S3); here we focus on howDeepSlideuses*slides \+ scripts \+ evaluation signals*to give concrete revision suggestions and to simulate likely audience questions\.

For each slide, we assemble a compact context⟨\\langleslide,script,per\-slide metrics,estimated time comsume⟩\\rangleand prompt an LLM to produce: \(i\) 3–6 short rehearsal tips that are specific to the slide \(e\.g\., where to slow down, what to cut, what to emphasize\), and \(ii\) the top\-3 likely audience questions for that slide, biased toward metrics\-indicated risks \(e\.g\., unclear assumptions, missing baselines, or abrupt topic jumps\)\. These support an iterative rehearsal: speakers rehearse with the audio preview, inspect advice/questions, and revise slides/scripts before re\-running the diagnostics\.

###### Example 1\.

Consider a slide titled*“Ablation Study”*without any DeepSlide’s augmentation whose body contains a dense table and long bullet list, while its script repeats most on\-slide text\. DeepSlide estimates a7575s narration for a4545s time budget and detects high slide–script similarity, leading to the following coaching outputs:\(i\) Suggestions:“Remove two minor ablations”; “State one takeaway before details”; “Move table reading to appendix”; “Explain the strongest baseline first”\.\(ii\) Likely audience questions:“Which component contributes most to the gain?”; “Are improvements statistically significant?”; “Why is method X not included as a baseline?”\.

### 2\.6Multi\-Agents

DeepSlideemploys a role\-based multi\-agent pipeline\. Rather than unconstrained generation, each agent performs a bounded task, e\.g\., requirement normalization, logical planning, or rehearsal coaching, and updates shared structured artifacts\. This decomposition enhances controllability, enabling stage\-wise verification and localized repair\. We treat each system\-prompted role as a distinct agent, regardless of the underlying model\. All agents in used are in Table[4](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#A1.T4)\.

## 3Dual\-Scoreboard Evaluation

We evaluate agents using a dual\-scoreboard protocol that decouples static slide quality from end\-to\-end delivery performance\. For each instance consisting of a source document𝒯\\mathcal\{T\}and requirement profile𝒰\\mathcal\{U\}\(e\.g\., audience and duration\), systems generate a package of slidesℱ=\{fk\}k=1m\\mathcal\{F\}=\\\{f\_\{k\}\\\}\_\{k=1\}^\{m\}and aligned scripts𝒫=\{pk\}k=1m\\mathcal\{P\}=\\\{p\_\{k\}\\\}\_\{k=1\}^\{m\}, withτ=5\\tau=5runs to ensure stability\. The Artifact Scoreboard assesses the visual and content quality of the slides, while the Delivery Scoreboard measures narrative coherence and slide\-script coordination, ensuring the system explains rather than merely duplicates on\-slide text to meet audience\-specific constraints\.

### 3\.1Artifact Scoreboard

The Artifact Scoreboard evaluates systems across four dimensions: Stability, Fidelity, Legibility, and Aesthetics\.

##### Stability\.

We measure stability by the success rateP=\#​\{r∈\{1,…,τ\}:run​r​succeeds\}τP=\\frac\{\\\#\\\{r\\in\\\{1,\\dots,\\tau\\\}:\\,\\text\{run \}r\\text\{ succeeds\}\\\}\}\{\\tau\}, where a run is counted as successful if it produces a usable deck with complete slide–script alignment\.

##### Fidelity\.

We quantify how faithfully the generated presentation is grounded in the source\. For each slidekk, we align the slide–script pair\(fk,pk\)\(f\_\{k\},p\_\{k\}\)to the most relevant source chunk\(s\) in𝒯\\mathcal\{T\}via retrieval, and denote the resulting reference text bytkt\_\{k\}\. Textual fidelityFtF\_\{t\}is a weighted combination of a lexical\-overlap metric \(ROUGE\) and a semantic\-similarity metric \(BERTScore\), averaged over both slide text and the aligned script:

Ft=ωrouge2​m​∑k=1m\(ROUGE​\(fk,tk\)\+ROUGE​\(pk,tk\)\)\+ωbert2​m​∑k=1m\(BERT​\(fk,tk\)\+BERT​\(pk,tk\)\),F\_\{t\}=\\frac\{\\omega\_\{\\mathrm\{rouge\}\}\}\{2m\}\\sum\_\{k=1\}^\{m\}\\Big\(\\mathrm\{ROUGE\}\(f\_\{k\},t\_\{k\}\)\+\\mathrm\{ROUGE\}\(p\_\{k\},t\_\{k\}\)\\Big\)\+\\frac\{\\omega\_\{\\mathrm\{bert\}\}\}\{2m\}\\sum\_\{k=1\}^\{m\}\\Big\(\\mathrm\{BERT\}\(f\_\{k\},t\_\{k\}\)\+\\mathrm\{BERT\}\(p\_\{k\},t\_\{k\}\)\\Big\),\(2\)whereωrouge\\omega\_\{\\mathrm\{rouge\}\}andωbert\\omega\_\{\\mathrm\{bert\}\}control the contribution of the two metrics \(ωrouge\+ωbert=1\\omega\_\{\\mathrm\{rouge\}\}\+\\omega\_\{\\mathrm\{bert\}\}=1\)\. Visual fidelityFvF\_\{v\}is defined as the fraction of slides whose visual items are supported by the aligned source:

Fv=1m​∑k=1m𝕀​\{slide​fk​contains a visual element matching​tk\},F\_\{v\}=\\frac\{1\}\{m\}\\sum\_\{k=1\}^\{m\}\\mathbb\{I\}\\left\\\{\\text\{slide \}f\_\{k\}\\text\{ contains a visual element matching \}t\_\{k\}\\right\\\},\(3\)where𝕀​\{⋅\}\\mathbb\{I\}\\\{\\cdot\\\}is the indicator function that equals 1 if the condition is satisfied and 0 otherwise\.

##### Legibility and aesthetics\.

We compute an automatic legibility scoreL∈\[0,1\]L\\in\[0,1\]from slide\-level readability checks\. For each slidefkf\_\{k\}, we extract \(i\) the minimum fontsize, \(ii\) the number of words in on\-slide text\. We define a per\-slidepenaltyk=𝕀​\[minfont​\(fk\)<12\]\+𝕀​\[wc​\(fk\)\>140\],\\mathrm\{penalty\}\_\{k\}=\\mathbb\{I\}\\\!\\left\[\\mathrm\{minfont\}\(f\_\{k\}\)<12\\right\]\+\\mathbb\{I\}\\\!\\left\[\\mathrm\{wc\}\(f\_\{k\}\)\>140\\right\],and aggregate the legibility score

L=1−1m​∑k=1mmin⁡\(1,penaltyk\),L=1\-\\frac\{1\}\{m\}\\sum\_\{k=1\}^\{m\}\\min\(1,\\mathrm\{penalty\}\_\{k\}\),\(4\)Since purely subjective aesthetics is hard to standardize, we use an automatic Vision\-Language Model \(VLM\) generateA​e∈\[0,1\]Ae\\in\[0,1\]that favors readable decks with balanced content\. We define the aesthetic score as

A​e=clip​\(0,1,0\.6​L\+0\.2​\(1−\|fracimg−0\.6\|\)\+0\.2​fracscript\),Ae=\\mathrm\{clip\}\\\!\\left\(0,1,\\;0\.6L\+0\.2\\Big\(1\-\\big\|\\mathrm\{frac\}\_\{\\mathrm\{img\}\}\-0\.6\\big\|\\Big\)\+0\.2\\,\\mathrm\{frac\}\_\{\\mathrm\{script\}\}\\right\),\(5\)wherefracimg,fracscript∈\[0,1\]\\mathrm\{frac\}\_\{\\mathrm\{img\}\},\\mathrm\{frac\}\_\{\\mathrm\{script\}\}\\in\[0,1\]are the fraction of slides that contain at least one image and the fraction of slides with speaker scripts\. The weights of 0\.6 and 0\.2 are empirical hyperparameters\.

##### Aggregation\.

We report the Artifact score as:

SA=αstab⋅P\+αfid⋅\(β​Ft\+\(1−β\)​Fv\)\+αread⋅\(γ​L\+\(1−γ\)​A​e\),S\_\{A\}=\\alpha\_\{\\mathrm\{stab\}\}\\cdot P\\;\+\\;\\alpha\_\{\\mathrm\{fid\}\}\\cdot\\big\(\\beta F\_\{t\}\+\(1\-\\beta\)F\_\{v\}\\big\)\\;\+\\;\\alpha\_\{\\mathrm\{read\}\}\\cdot\\big\(\\gamma L\+\(1\-\\gamma\)Ae\\big\),\(6\)whereαstab\+αfid\+αread=1\\alpha\_\{\\mathrm\{stab\}\}\+\\alpha\_\{\\mathrm\{fid\}\}\+\\alpha\_\{\\mathrm\{read\}\}=1andβ,γ∈\[0,1\]\\beta,\\gamma\\in\[0,1\]\.

### 3\.2Delivery Scoreboard

Delivery scoreboard measures end\-to\-end delivery quality beyond static artifacts, mainly focusing on: \(i\) satisfying requirements and audience constraints, \(ii\) narrative control, \(iii\) slide–script complementarity, \(iv\) temporal pacing, \(v\) delivery\-time guidance, and \(vi\) rehearsal support\.

##### Requirement satisfaction\.

RRevaluates whether a system’s output satisfies the requirement profile𝒰\\mathcal\{U\}\. We decomposeRRinto \(i\) a fully automatic*timing\-compliance*score and \(ii\)*content\-level*requirement checks\.

- •Timing compliance\.We compute the timing score from the implied seconds\-per\-slidessand use a piecewise\-linear schedule with a*sweet*range \(12≤s≤6012\\\!\\leq\\\!s\\\!\\leq\\\!60sec/slide\) and a broader*hard*tolerance range \(6<s<1206\\\!<\\\!s\\\!<\\\!120sec/slide\); values outside the hard range receive zero score: Rtime=min⁡\{1⏟sweet:12≤s≤60,max⁡\{min⁡\(s−66,120−s60\)⏟hard:6<s<120,0⏟outside​hard:s≤6​or​s≥120\}\}\.R\_\{\\mathrm\{time\}\}=\\min\\Big\\\{\\underbrace\{\\vphantom\{\\min\\big\(\\frac\{s\-6\}\{6\},\\frac\{120\-s\}\{60\}\\big\)\}1\}\_\{\{\\color\[rgb\]\{0,\.5,\.5\}\\definecolor\[named\]\{pgfstrokecolor\}\{rgb\}\{0,\.5,\.5\}\\mathrm\{sweet\}:\\;12\\leq s\\leq 60\}\},\\;\\max\\Big\\\{\\underbrace\{\\min\\Big\(\\frac\{s\-6\}\{6\},\\;\\frac\{120\-s\}\{60\}\\Big\)\}\_\{\{\\color\[rgb\]\{1,\.5,0\}\\definecolor\[named\]\{pgfstrokecolor\}\{rgb\}\{1,\.5,0\}\\mathrm\{hard\}:\\;6<s<120\}\},\\;\\underbrace\{\\vphantom\{\\min\\big\(\\frac\{s\-6\}\{6\},\\frac\{120\-s\}\{60\}\\big\)\}0\}\_\{\{\\color\[rgb\]\{\.5,\.5,\.5\}\\definecolor\[named\]\{pgfstrokecolor\}\{rgb\}\{\.5,\.5,\.5\}\\pgfsys@color@gray@stroke\{\.5\}\\pgfsys@color@gray@fill\{\.5\}\\mathrm\{outside\\ hard\}:\\;s\\leq 6\\ \\mathrm\{or\}\\ s\\geq 120\}\}\\Big\\\}\\Big\\\}\.\(7\)
- •Richer requirements\.For requirements not captured by simple proxies \(e\.g\., topic coverage, audience fit, and user\-specified priorities\), we use an LLM\-based judging rubric: the judge is prompted with𝒰\\mathcal\{U\}and the generated slides/script and returns a scalar compliance score\.

##### Narrative diversity and controllability\.

We score narrative quality asN=η​sdiver\+\(1−η\)​sctrlN=\\eta\\,s\_\{\\mathrm\{diver\}\}\+\(1\-\\eta\)\\,s\_\{\\mathrm\{ctrl\}\}withη=0\.4\\eta=0\.4\. When multiple narrative\-plan candidates are available,sdivers\_\{\\mathrm\{diver\}\}measures plan diversity andsctrls\_\{\\mathrm\{ctrl\}\}measures narrative controllability\. In the single\-deck automatic setting \(no plan candidates\), we setsdiver=0s\_\{\\mathrm\{diver\}\}=0and estimatesctrls\_\{\\mathrm\{ctrl\}\}from two deck\-internal cues: \(i\) the fraction of slides with a non\-empty title line, and \(ii\) the smoothness of topic transitions between consecutive slides, approximated via embedding similarity over slide text and speaker scripts\. We aggregate the two cues by averaging, and thus reportN=\(1−η\)​sctrlN=\(1\-\\eta\)\\,s\_\{\\mathrm\{ctrl\}\}\.

##### Complementarity between slide and script\.

We compute the complementarity scoreCCas the mean of \(i\) a redundancy “sweet\-spot” term \(encouraging the script to complement rather than duplicate the slide\) and \(ii\) a lightweight coverage term \(encouraging the script to mention key points\):

C=12​m​\(∑k=1m\(1−min⁡\(\|sim​\(k\)−l\|,\|sim​\(k\)−u\|\)max⁡\(l,1−u\)\+ϵ\)\+⏟\(i\) redundancy sweet\-spot\+∑k=1m\#​\{words infkalso appearing inpk\}\#​\{words infk\}⏟\(ii\) key\-point coverage\),C=\\frac\{1\}\{2m\}\\Bigg\(\\underbrace\{\\sum\_\{k=1\}^\{m\}\\Big\(1\-\\frac\{\\min\(\|\\mathrm\{sim\}\(k\)\-l\|,\\;\|\\mathrm\{sim\}\(k\)\-u\|\)\}\{\\max\(l,1\-u\)\+\\epsilon\}\\Big\)\_\{\+\}\}\_\{\\textit\{\(i\) redundancy sweet\-spot\}\}\\;\+\\;\\underbrace\{\\sum\_\{k=1\}^\{m\}\\frac\{\\\#\\\{\\text\{words in $f\_\{k\}$ also appearing in $p\_\{k\}$\}\\\}\}\{\\\#\\\{\\text\{words in $f\_\{k\}$\}\\\}\}\}\_\{\\textit\{\(ii\) key\-point coverage\}\}\\Bigg\),\(8\)wheresim​\(k\)∈\[0,1\]\\mathrm\{sim\}\(k\)\\in\[0,1\]is the cosine similarity between slide text offkf\_\{k\}and scriptpkp\_\{k\}\. We use a target similarity interval\[l,u\]=\[0\.25,0\.55\]\[l,u\]=\[0\.25,0\.55\], and\(⋅\)\+=max⁡\(⋅,0\)\(\\cdot\)\_\{\+\}=\\max\(\\cdot,0\)\. Term \(i\) rewards similarity near the target interval, while \(ii\) measures the fraction of key content words fromfkf\_\{k\}that also appear inpkp\_\{k\}\.

##### Temporal delivery quality\.

We estimate per\-slide speaking time from script length \(150 words/min\) and computeQQas the mean of two lightweight proxies:

T=12​\(\(1−std​\(\{d^k\}\)stdmax\+ϵ\)\+⏟\(i\) pacing smoothness\+min⁡\(1,\#​transition​markers4\)⏟\(ii\) transitions\)\.T=\\frac\{1\}\{2\}\\Bigg\(\\underbrace\{\\vphantom\{\\Big\(1\-\\frac\{\\mathrm\{std\}\(\\\{\\widehat\{d\}\_\{k\}\\\}\)\}\{\\max\(10,D/6\)\+\\epsilon\}\\Big\)\_\{\+\}\}\\Big\(1\-\\frac\{\\mathrm\{std\}\(\\\{\\widehat\{d\}\_\{k\}\\\}\)\}\{\\mathrm\{std\}\_\{\\max\}\+\\epsilon\}\\Big\)\_\{\+\}\}\_\{\\textit\{\(i\) pacing smoothness\}\}\\;\+\\;\\underbrace\{\\vphantom\{\\Big\(1\-\\frac\{\\mathrm\{std\}\(\\\{\\widehat\{d\}\_\{k\}\\\}\)\}\{\\max\(10,D/6\)\+\\epsilon\}\\Big\)\_\{\+\}\}\\min\\\!\\Big\(1,\\frac\{\\\#\\mathrm\{transition\\ markers\}\}\{4\}\\Big\)\}\_\{\\textit\{\(ii\) transitions\}\}\\Bigg\)\.\(9\)
Hered^k\\widehat\{d\}\_\{k\}is derived from the word count of the scriptpkp\_\{k\}andstdmax\\mathrm\{std\}\_\{\\max\}is hyperparameter about dataset\. Intuitively, \(i\) rewards balanced per\-slide timing, and \(ii\) rewards explicit transition cues in the script\.

##### Attention choreography quality and rehearsal readiness\.

TTmeasures whether delivery\-time guidance \(e\.g\., focus/highlight\) is synchronized with the speaker’s script, whileR′R^\{\\prime\}measures how close the package is to being “walk\-on\-stage” ready\. We score both metrics in\[0,1\]\[0,1\]using an LLM\-as\-judge rubric over slide text and speaker scripts\.

##### Aggregation\.

To prevent gaming the delivery scoreboard with “flashy but wrong” presentations, we include a portion of Artifact fundamentals:

SD=∑x∈\{R,N,C,T,R′\}ωx⋅x\+ωstab⋅P\+ωfid⋅\(β​Ft\+\(1−β\)​Fv\),S\_\{D\}=\\sum\_\{x\\in\\\{R,N,C,T,R^\{\\prime\}\\\}\}\\omega\_\{x\}\\cdot x\+\\omega\_\{\\mathrm\{stab\}\}\\cdot P\+\\omega\_\{\\mathrm\{fid\}\}\\cdot\\big\(\\beta F\_\{t\}\+\(1\-\\beta\)F\_\{v\}\\big\),\(10\)

### 3\.3Main Experiment: Domain\-wise Evaluation

Fig\.[1](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#S0.F1)visualizes per\-domain score profiles over2020domains\. Across domains, DeepSlide consistently achieves strong Delivery scores while remaining competitive on Artifact quality, indicating that optimizing for end\-to\-end talk delivery does not require sacrificing static slide fundamentals\. Detailed metric breakdowns are reported in Table[1](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#S3.T1)and TableLABEL:tab:supp\_metrics\.

Table 1:Main experiment results\. Detail metrics are shown in TableLABEL:tab:supp\_metrics\.Method01\. AI02\. ML03\. CV04\. NLP05\. Robo06\. Sec07\. SESAS\_\{A\}SDS\_\{D\}SAS\_\{A\}SDS\_\{D\}SAS\_\{A\}SDS\_\{D\}SAS\_\{A\}SDS\_\{D\}SAS\_\{A\}SDS\_\{D\}SAS\_\{A\}SDS\_\{D\}SAS\_\{A\}SDS\_\{D\}PPTAgent0\.820\.560\.800\.540\.800\.540\.800\.700\.830\.640\.790\.640\.800\.61Qwen0\.730\.610\.760\.610\.750\.620\.760\.590\.760\.600\.730\.590\.770\.60Coze0\.780\.500\.800\.520\.810\.520\.810\.490\.810\.540\.740\.450\.680\.41Gamma0\.840\.760\.830\.760\.810\.740\.810\.740\.820\.760\.820\.750\.800\.75Manus0\.820\.750\.840\.750\.750\.730\.820\.710\.600\.580\.840\.750\.840\.75NotebookLM0\.750\.460\.810\.490\.770\.460\.800\.490\.810\.500\.810\.490\.750\.47DeepSlide0\.830\.760\.930\.780\.850\.770\.930\.740\.860\.770\.830\.740\.820\.75Method08\. Sig09\. Ast10\. HEP11\. CMP12\. Quan13\. Phys14\. PureSAS\_\{A\}SDS\_\{D\}SAS\_\{A\}SDS\_\{D\}SAS\_\{A\}SDS\_\{D\}SAS\_\{A\}SDS\_\{D\}SAS\_\{A\}SDS\_\{D\}SAS\_\{A\}SDS\_\{D\}SAS\_\{A\}SDS\_\{D\}PPTAgent0\.810\.590\.800\.670\.800\.660\.800\.640\.650\.570\.800\.650\.810\.72Qwen0\.750\.600\.770\.630\.780\.640\.770\.640\.780\.650\.780\.610\.730\.60Coze0\.800\.490\.800\.540\.690\.450\.730\.470\.790\.500\.720\.470\.750\.47Gamma0\.790\.720\.830\.710\.820\.760\.820\.680\.810\.710\.830\.760\.830\.76Manus0\.840\.750\.840\.750\.840\.760\.840\.650\.840\.750\.840\.760\.780\.74NotebookLM0\.810\.490\.810\.500\.800\.490\.810\.490\.810\.490\.740\.470\.810\.49DeepSlide0\.830\.760\.830\.770\.870\.780\.830\.760\.850\.760\.910\.770\.830\.77Method15\. Appl16\. Stats17\. Bio18\. QFin19\. Econ20\. SocAvgSAS\_\{A\}SDS\_\{D\}SAS\_\{A\}SDS\_\{D\}SAS\_\{A\}SDS\_\{D\}SAS\_\{A\}SDS\_\{D\}SAS\_\{A\}SDS\_\{D\}SAS\_\{A\}SDS\_\{D\}SAS\_\{A\}SDS\_\{D\}PPTAgent0\.640\.510\.800\.660\.800\.700\.800\.570\.630\.500\.810\.500\.780\.61Qwen0\.770\.630\.710\.550\.780\.640\.770\.610\.760\.590\.770\.630\.760\.61Coze0\.770\.460\.740\.430\.760\.430\.790\.480\.810\.490\.760\.480\.770\.48Gamma0\.700\.640\.820\.740\.660\.630\.840\.750\.830\.750\.640\.630\.800\.72Manus0\.840\.760\.830\.750\.840\.730\.840\.760\.810\.730\.840\.760\.820\.73NotebookLM0\.810\.490\.810\.490\.820\.490\.820\.500\.800\.490\.810\.500\.800\.49DeepSlide0\.830\.760\.830\.770\.840\.760\.830\.760\.920\.780\.970\.780\.860\.76![Refer to caption](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/pic_second_exp_perf.jpg)Figure 7:Secondary experiment on audience\-specific evaluation\.
### 3\.4Secondary Experiment: Audience\-specific Evaluation

TableLABEL:tab:role\_dual\_scoreboardand Fig[7](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#S3.F7)report audience\-specific results \(e\.g\., engineer, investor, newcomer, researcher, and a mixed group of researcher, engineer and project manager \)\.DeepSlidemaintains robust delivery performance across audiences, suggesting that its requirement\-aware planning and delivery\-time support generalize beyond a single audience type\. This consistent advantage stems from our audience\-oriented narrative\-style logical chain recommendation: by first profiling the target listeners and then proposing a time\-budgeted storyline that explicitly balances technical depth with rhetorical flow, the system ensures that slide sequencing, script emphasis, and visual evidence are all tuned to the cognitive expectations of each audience\.

### 3\.5Case Study and Discussion

##### Case 1: IsDeepSlidemerely move content from source to slide?

Fig[8](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#S3.F8)contrastsDeepSlidewith Manus under varying audience types and duration budgets\. DeepSlide exhibits higher stability and more controllable narrative outcomes as requirements change, consistent with its explicit requirement\-aware planning and its recommended logic chain that helps users structure a talk under constraints\.

![Refer to caption](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/pic_case1.jpg)Figure 8:DeepSlidevs\. Manus, varying audience \{BS, MS, PhD\} and duration \{5, 10, 15\} \(Case 1\)\.
##### Case 2: Does DeepSlide reduce user burden and delivery pressure?

Table[2](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#S3.T2)indicates that most presentation agents mainly optimize slide authoring \(e\.g\., outlines and partial source indexing\), while leaving delivery and rehearsal effort to users\. DeepSlide reduces preparation pressure by making the delivery process explicit and guided\. First, requirement elicitation and nonlinear narrative help users lock in a goal\-aligned structure earlier, reducing late\-stage re\-planning\. Second, synchronized slide–script generation with explicit complementarity, together with speech support and timing cues, lowers the cognitive load of pacing and deciding what to show versus what to say\. Third, preview feedback and audio preview provide a low\-cost rehearsal proxy that exposes pacing and rendering issues early, shifting effort from repetitive debugging to small intent\-level edits\.

Table 2:Design points across presentation systems\.Design PointDeepSlidePPTAgentQwenCozeGammaManusNotebookLMCategory I: Content planning & structuring\(reduce authoring / organization burden\)Requirement elicitation✓✗✗✗✗✗✗Source indexing✓✓∘\\circ✗∘\\circ✗∘\\circOutline✓✓✓✓✓✓✓Nonlinear narrative✓✗✗✗✗✗✗Category II: Delivery & rehearsal assistance\(reduce speaking / rehearsal burden\)Speech support✓✗✗✗✗✗✗Complementarity \(slide vs\. script\)✓✗✗✗✗✗✗Timer✓✓✓✗✓✗✗Attention strategy✓✗✓✗✓✗✗Audio preview✓✗✗✗✗✗✗Category III: Interaction & feedback loop\(reduce iteration / debugging burden\)Interactive data visualization✓✗✗✓✗✓✗Preview feedback✓✗✗✗✗✗✗Audience Question✓✗✗✗✗✗✗
✓: supported✗: not supported∘\\circ: unknown

##### Case 3: Which process components drive delivery gains?

Table[3](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#S3.T3)reports an study that removes key pipeline components\. Removing the logic chain module yields a substantial drop in Delivery score, while removing the retriever causes a smaller but consistent degradation\. suggesting that delivery advantages stem from structured process components \(planning, retrieval grounding, and alignment\) rather than solely from the underlying model’s raw generation capability\.

Table 3:Impact of removing key components on the Delivery ScoreboardSDS\_\{D\}\(Case 3\)\.MethodSDS\_\{D\}PPCCTTNNDeepSlide0\.680\.750\.860\.610\.55w/o BM25 content tree retriever0\.67\(\-0\.01\)0\.74\(\-0\.01\)0\.85\(\-0\.01\)0\.59\(\-0\.02\)0\.54\(\-0\.01\)w/o logical chain0\.44\(\-0\.24\)0\.12\(\-0\.63\)0\.10\(\-0\.76\)0\.36\(\-0\.25\)0\.53\(\-0\.02\)w/o logical chain recommender0\.68\(\-0\.00\)0\.71\(\-0\.04\)0\.85\(\-0\.01\)0\.60\(\-0\.01\)0\.53\(\-0\.02\)

#### 3\.5\.1Ablation Study and Discussion

We will extend the ablation suite with additional variants and controlled settings in future revisions\.

##### Varying truncation length\.

We vary truncation lengthlmax∈\{4096,8192,16384\}l\_\{\\mathrm\{max\}\}\\in\\\{4096,8192,16384\\\}\.SAS\_\{A\}peaks at40964096\(0\.8130\.813\) and then stabilizes at≈0\.795\\approx 0\.795aslmaxl\_\{\\mathrm\{max\}\}increases, suggesting tighter contexts reduce retrieval noise\.SDS\_\{D\}is nearly unchanged \(0\.491→0\.4890\.491\\rightarrow 0\.489\), indicating negligible impact on delivery quality\.

![Refer to caption](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/x6.png)\(a\)Varying truncation length\.
![Refer to caption](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/x7.png)\(b\)Varying retrieval depth\.

Figure 9:Varying retrieval depth\.
##### Varying retrieval depth\.

We vary retrieval depthK∈\{3,5,7\}K\\in\\\{3,5,7\\\}\. Ablation performance on CV papers is non\-monotonic: the defaultK=5K=5underperforms bothK=3,7K=3,7\. WithK=3K=3, the model maintains high artifact quality by focusing on the most relevant nodes \(SA=0\.813S\_\{A\}=0\.813\), whereasK=5K=5injects noise with limited gain \(SA=0\.795S\_\{A\}=0\.795\)\. Increasing toK=7K=7yields the best overall scores \(SA=0\.829,SD=0\.503S\_\{A\}=0\.829,S\_\{D\}=0\.503\) and improves visual recall \(Fv:0\.0→0\.125F\_\{v\}:0\.0\\rightarrow 0\.125\)\. This suggests that in CV domain, complementary evidence \(e\.g\., ablations and qualitative figures\) is often dispersed across sections; broader retrieval better recovers these dependencies and strengthens grounding\.

## 4Conclusion

We presentedDeepSlide, a delivery\-oriented presentation preparation system that unifies planning, generation, and rehearsal in one pipeline\. It integrates time\-budgeted logical chains, content\-tree grounded retrieval, Markov\-style sequential rendering with style inheritance, and sandbox validation with minimal repair to improve end\-to\-end deliverability\. We also introduced a dual\-scoreboard protocol that separates artifact quality from delivery quality, enabling targeted diagnosis of narrative, pacing, and slide–script coordination failures\. Across both the domain study and the audience\-profile study,DeepSlidematches strong baselines on artifact quality while delivering consistent, substantial gains on delivery metrics, yielding more reliable narrative flow, pacing precision, and attention guidance across diverse settings\.

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- \[40\]T\. Zhang, V\. Kishore, F\. Wu, K\. Q\. Weinberger, and Y\. Artzi\(2019\)Bertscore: evaluating text generation with bert\.arXiv preprint arXiv:1904\.09675\.Cited by:[§E\.2](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#A5.SS2.SSS0.Px1.p1.1)\.
- \[41\]H\. Zheng, X\. Guan, H\. Kong, W\. Zhang, J\. Zheng, W\. Zhou, H\. Lin, Y\. Lu, X\. Han, and L\. Sun\(2025\-11\)PPTAgent: generating and evaluating presentations beyond text\-to\-slides\.InProceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing,C\. Christodoulopoulos, T\. Chakraborty, C\. Rose, and V\. Peng \(Eds\.\),Suzhou, China,pp\. 14402–14418\.External Links:[Link](https://aclanthology.org/2025.emnlp-main.728/),[Document](https://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.emnlp-main.728),ISBN 979\-8\-89176\-332\-6Cited by:[§B\.1](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#A2.SS1.SSS0.Px1.p1.1),[§E\.1](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#A5.SS1.SSS0.Px2.p1.1),[§E\.2](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#A5.SS2.SSS0.Px2.p1.1),[§E\.2](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#A5.SS2.SSS0.Px4.p1.1),[§1](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#S1.p2.1),[§1](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#S1.p7.1)\.
- \[42\]S\. Zhou, Y\. Zhou, Y\. He, X\. Zhou, J\. Wang, W\. Deng, and J\. Shu\(2025\)Indextts2: a breakthrough in emotionally expressive and duration\-controlled auto\-regressive zero\-shot text\-to\-speech\.arXiv preprint arXiv:2506\.21619\.Cited by:[§2\.1](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#S2.SS1.SSS0.Px3.p1.1),[§2\.4\.3](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#S2.SS4.SSS3.p1.1)\.

## Table of Contents for Appendices

## Appendix ASystem Details

DeepSlide’s system implementation and LLM usage are detailed in Table[4](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#A1.T4)and TableLABEL:tab:api\-usage\. LLMs were also used for polishing and copy\-editing parts of the manuscript; the authors are fully responsible for all content\.

Table 4:Stage\-wise agents and their responsibilities\.AgentResponsibilityStage 1: Requirement elicitation and narrative proposalrequirements collectorelicit audience, duration, and constraints into a requirement profile\.narrative template selectorselect a narrative template consistent with the requirement profile\.logical chain generatorproduce a time\-budgeted logical chain \(or chain graph\) for the talk\.Stage 2: Logical chain editing and evidence\-grounded generationlogical edge generatoradd sparse cross\-node links for long\-range coherence and bridging\.semantic matcheralign paper sections/content tree nodes to logical nodes for retrieval\.slide generatorretrieve evidence and synthesize slides with scripts under time budgets\.compiler debuggeriteratively repair compilation errors until the deck compiles successfully\.Stage 3: Interactive slide refinement and attention\-oriented augmentationstyle agentchoose a deck\-level style prior to reduce cross\-slide drift\.visual intent agentspecify visual goals and negative constraints \(what should*not*be drawn\)\.diagram spec agentextract diagram semantics into a structured specification\.render plan agentproduce an executable plan \(layout/style/effects/assets\) for rendering\.drawio xml generatoremit editable drawio xml from the diagram specification\.render reviewerexecute the deck in a browser sandbox and propose minimal fix plan\.coherence analyzerinject lightweight cross\-slide references when needed\.vlm design expertresolve image–code inconsistencies via minimal frame/layout edits\.editor plannertranslate user edits into a bounded action plan\.content editorapply localized edits on targeted frames/titles/scripts\.Stage 4: Rehearsal and dual\-scoreboard evaluationrehearsal coachprovide actionable delivery tips from rehearsal metrics and context\.audience reviewergenerate likely audience questions to stress\-test coverage and clarity\.
## Appendix BEvaluation

### B\.1Baselines

##### Baselines\.

We compareDeepSlideagainst six representative systems: PPTAgent\[[41](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib6)\], Manus\[[24](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib23)\], Coze\[[5](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib27)\], Gamma\[[8](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib24)\], NotebookLM\[[12](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib25)\], and Qwen\[[34](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib28)\]\. PPTAgent is open\-source, while the others are closed\-source commercial products\. Detailed baseline descriptions and usage settings are reported in Table[5](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#A2.T5)\. For Manus, Coze, and NotebookLM, which can generate slide content directly as images \(e\.g\., via an image model such as NanoBanana\[[10](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib26)\]\), we enable this image\-based mode as the baseline setting\. Image\-as\-slide generation has become increasingly adopted, yet it still suffers from limited editability and imprecise element\-level control\.

Table 5:Baseline systems used for comparison\.SystemOpen SourceLicenseVersion&DateURLManus✗NAManus 1\.6 MaxPro\\mathrm\{Pro\}[https://manus\.im/app](https://manus.im/app)Gamma✗NAGamma Pro[https://gamma\.app/](https://gamma.app/)PPTAgent✓MIT licensePPTAgent\-V2[https://github\.com/icip\-cas/PPTAgent](https://github.com/icip-cas/PPTAgent)Qwen✗NAQwen3\-Max[https://chat\.qwen\.ai/](https://chat.qwen.ai/)NoteBookLM✗NANoteBookLM Pro[https://notebooklm\.google\.com/](https://notebooklm.google.com/)Coze✗NAJan 13–16, 2026[https://www\.coze\.com/](https://www.coze.com/)
##### API usage\.

DeepSlidesupports per\-agent API configurations and also provides default grouped presets\. For high\-usage agents with modest intelligence requirements, we assign low\-cost yet sufficiently capable models \(e\.g\.,![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_deepseek.png)deepseek\-chat,![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_qwen.png)qwen3\-vl\-flash\)\. For agents that most strongly affect the Artifact/Delivery scoreboards, we use more capable models \(e\.g\.,![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_openai.png)gpt\-5\-mini,![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_gemini.png)gemini\-3\-pro\-preview\)\. TableLABEL:tab:api\-usagesummarizes the configurations ofDeepSlideand PPTAgent\.

Table 8:Audience\-specific dual\-scoreboard results \(Artifact v\.s\. Delivery\)\. DeepSlide rows are highlighted\.DeepSlide\[0pt\]\[0pt\]Stage 1: Requirement elicitation and narrative proposalrequirements collector![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_deepseek.png)deepseek\-chatnarrative template selector![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_deepseek.png)deepseek\-chatlogical chain generator![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_deepseek.png)deepseek\-chat\[0pt\]\[0pt\]Stage 2: Logical chain editing and evidence\-grounded generationlogical edge generator![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_deepseek.png)deepseek\-chatsemantic matcher![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_deepseek.png)deepseek\-chatslide generator![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_openai.png)gpt\-5\-minicompiler debugger![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_deepseek.png)deepseek\-chat\[0pt\]\[0pt\]Stage 3: Interactive slide refinement and attention\-oriented augmentationstyle agent![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_deepseek.png)deepseek\-chatvisual intent agent![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_deepseek.png)deepseek\-chatdiagram spec agent![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_deepseek.png)deepseek\-chatrender plan agent![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_deepseek.png)deepseek\-chatdrawio xml generator![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_deepseek.png)deepseek\-chatrender reviewer![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_gemini.png)gemini\-3\-pro\-previewcoherence analyzer![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_deepseek.png)deepseek\-chatvlm design expert![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_qwen.png)qwen3\-vl\-flasheditor planner![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_deepseek.png)deepseek\-chatcontent editor![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_deepseek.png)deepseek\-chat\[0pt\]\[0pt\]Stage 4: Rehearsal and dual\-leaderboard evaluationrehearsal coach![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_deepseek.png)deepseek\-chataudience reviewer![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_deepseek.png)deepseek\-chatPPTAgentresearch\_agent![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_openai.png)gpt\-5\-minidesign\_agent![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_openai.png)gpt\-5\-minilong\_context\_model![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_openai.png)gpt\-5\-minivision\_model![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_openai.png)gpt\-5\-minipptagent![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/api_logo_openai.png)gpt\-5\-mini
### B\.2Dataset and Prompts

##### Domains\.

Our main benchmark spans2020domains to stress\-test presentation agents under diverse evidence structures and writing conventions, ranging from visually dense experimental papers \(e\.g\., CV and Sig\) to theorem\-heavy manuscripts \(e\.g\., Pure and Appl\) and narrative\-driven social\-science writing \(Soc\)\. TableLABEL:tab:appendix\_domainslists the domain taxonomy used throughout the paper\.

Abbrev\.DomainTypical evidence patterns in papersComputer Science & EngineeringAIArtificial IntelligenceStudies intelligent agents and reasoning for real\-world tasks\.MLMachine LearningDevelops learning algorithms and theory from data at scale\.CVComputer VisionUnderstands images and videos\.NLPNatural Language ProcessingGenerates human language for understanding and interaction\.RoboRobotics and Control SystemsAutonomous robots with sensing, control, and planning\.SecCryptography and SecurityEnsures confidentiality, and robustness against adversaries\.SESoftware Engineering and SystemsBuilds scalable software with performance and reliability\.SigSignal and Image ProcessingAnalyzes signals using transforms and statistical methods\.PhysicsAstAstrophysics and CosmologyExplores universe using observations, simulations, and theory\.HEPHigh\-Energy PhysicsProbes fundamental particles with accelerators/detectors\.CMPCondensed Matter PhysicsStudies matter phases and properties in quantum\.QuanQuantum PhysicsInvestigates quantum information, circuits, and complexity\.PhysGeneral PhysicsBroad physical principles across theory and modeling\.Mathematics & StatisticsPurePure MathematicsProves abstract structures through definitions and theorems\.ApplApplied Mathematics and AnalysisModels real phenomena with analysis, numerics, etc\.StatsStatistics and ProbabilityInference and uncertainty quantification for data/experiments\.Economics, Finance & SocietyBioQuantitative BiologyQuantifies biological systems with experiments, models, etc\.QFinQuantitative FinanceModels markets with stochastic processes and empirical tests\.EconEconomics and EconometricsStudies markets using theory and econometric models\.SocSocial Information NetworksAnalyzes social and networked behavior with data\.
##### Prompt usage\.

Each benchmark instance pairs a source paper𝒯\\mathcal\{T\}with a requirement profile𝒰\\mathcal\{U\}\. In our experiments, prompts are grouped by how𝒰\\mathcal\{U\}is instantiated: \(i\) the main experiment uses the*Researcher*profile as the default prompt block; \(ii\) the secondary experiment swaps only theAudiencefield to one of five cases \(Engineer, Investor, Newcomer, Researcher, Hybrid\) while keeping the remaining fields consistent; \(iii\) the case study Case 2/Case 3 and ablations also use the*Researcher*profile, whereas case study Case 1 varies audience background levels \(BS/MS/PhD\) and time budgets\. We highlight the four user\-facing fields incolor:Audience,Duration,Focus, andStyle\.

Prompt Block M: Researcher Profile \(main experiment; Q2/Q3; ablations; also used as the “Researcher”\)\. Audience:researchers in the field Duration:\{D\} minutes Focus:novelty; assumptions; comparisons; ablations; theoretical or empirical claims Style:rigorous, citation\-aware, emphasize evidence and reproducibility Instruction: Clearly separate contributions from background, highlight what is new, and justify design choices with ablations or analysis\. Keep slides concise, avoid redundancy between on\-slide text and script, and make delivery transitions explicit\.

Prompt Block R1: Audience = Engineer \(secondary experiment\)\. Audience:senior engineers and applied ML practitioners Duration:\{D\} minutes Focus:system design; implementation details; failure modes; deployment trade\-offs Style:technical, structured, actionable; prefer diagrams and concrete examples Instruction: Emphasize how the method works end\-to\-end, what to implement first, and what to watch out for\. Use clear module boundaries and discuss cost/latency/robustness when applicable\.

Prompt Block R2: Audience = Investor \(secondary experiment\)\. Audience:investors and product decision makers Duration:\{D\} minutes Focus:value proposition; differentiation; risks; expected impact and roadmap Style:high\-level, persuasive but evidence\-backed; minimize technical notation Instruction: Start from the problem and why it matters, then present the key idea and evidence of effectiveness\. Translate metrics into outcomes, and explicitly state limitations and go\-to\-market risks\.

Prompt Block R3: Audience = Newcomer \(secondary experiment\)\. Audience:newcomers with basic ML background Duration:\{D\} minutes Focus:intuition; definitions; simplified workflow; one main takeaway per section Style:gentle pacing, minimal jargon, use analogies and progressive disclosure Instruction: Explain prerequisites briefly, define key terms before using them, and prioritize conceptual clarity over exhaustive details\. Use fewer equations and more visual/step\-based explanations\.

Prompt Block R4: Audience = Researcher\+Engineer\+PM \(Hybrid\) \(secondary experiment\)\. Audience:mixed audience \(research, engineering, product\) Duration:\{D\} minutes Focus:core idea; engineering feasibility; product implications; evaluation evidence Style:balanced depth, executive clarity, and technical grounding Instruction: Present the narrative in three layers: what it is \(intuition\), why it works \(key mechanism\), and how to use it \(integration and constraints\)\. Use one slide to summarize practical takeaways and risks\.

Prompt Block C: Case Study Q1 \(audience background level and time budget sweeps\)\. Audience:\{BS\-level / MS\-level / PhD\-level\} Duration:\{D1,D2,…\}\\\{D\_\{1\},D\_\{2\},\\dots\\\}minutes Focus:controllable narrative under constraints; robustness to requirement changes Style:requirement\-aware, structured, avoid over\-specialization beyond the target level Instruction: Adapt depth, terminology, and the amount of background to the specified audience level\. Under the given duration, prioritize the most important contributions and keep transitions explicit\.

### B\.3Experimental Results

##### Experimental Setup\.

We evaluate presentation agents under the proposed dual\-scoreboard protocol \(Section[3](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#S3)\)\. Unless otherwise noted, each system is runτ=5\\tau=5times per instance and we report mean scores\.

Table 7:Supplementary detailed metrics\.Method01\. AI02\. MLPPFtF\_\{t\}FvF\_\{v\}LLRRCCTTNNPPFtF\_\{t\}FvF\_\{v\}LLRRCCTTNNDeepSlide1\.000\.951\.000\.990\.740\.850\.570\.541\.000\.950\.671\.000\.740\.850\.610\.54PPTAgent1\.000\.900\.330\.900\.550\.270\.270\.411\.000\.930\.000\.950\.710\.240\.550\.55Qwen1\.000\.720\.000\.830\.400\.440\.510\.521\.000\.840\.000\.840\.500\.340\.480\.52Coze1\.000\.910\.000\.890\.720\.180\.570\.551\.000\.920\.000\.980\.740\.300\.590\.55Gamma1\.000\.950\.000\.980\.740\.850\.600\.551\.000\.950\.050\.940\.740\.850\.610\.55Manus1\.000\.950\.250\.940\.740\.840\.600\.551\.000\.950\.001\.000\.740\.850\.630\.54NotebookLM1\.000\.750\.001\.000\.640\.120\.580\.551\.000\.940\.000\.990\.730\.120\.610\.56Method03\. CV04\. NLPPPFtF\_\{t\}FvF\_\{v\}LLRRCCTTNNPPFtF\_\{t\}FvF\_\{v\}LLRRCCTTNNDeepSlide1\.000\.950\.121\.000\.740\.850\.600\.541\.000\.900\.750\.990\.710\.700\.570\.56PPTAgent1\.000\.920\.260\.950\.710\.240\.570\.541\.000\.930\.030\.850\.730\.670\.600\.55Qwen1\.000\.800\.000\.840\.490\.400\.520\.521\.000\.820\.000\.840\.350\.360\.480\.51Coze1\.000\.930\.030\.990\.730\.310\.590\.551\.000\.930\.000\.990\.730\.160\.590\.54Gamma1\.000\.910\.000\.900\.720\.760\.600\.551\.000\.940\.000\.890\.730\.730\.590\.55Manus1\.000\.900\.000\.690\.710\.750\.600\.551\.000\.900\.000\.980\.710\.700\.600\.54NotebookLM1\.000\.800\.030\.990\.640\.140\.550\.561\.000\.920\.000\.990\.720\.120\.590\.55Method05\. Robo06\. SecPPFtF\_\{t\}FvF\_\{v\}LLRRCCTTNNPPFtF\_\{t\}FvF\_\{v\}LLRRCCTTNNDeepSlide1\.000\.950\.191\.000\.740\.850\.570\.551\.000\.95–1\.000\.740\.850\.440\.55PPTAgent1\.000\.950\.040\.990\.720\.460\.600\.561\.000\.950\.050\.850\.730\.460\.600\.55Qwen1\.000\.840\.000\.840\.400\.320\.500\.511\.000\.720\.000\.850\.390\.360\.480\.51Coze1\.000\.950\.000\.970\.740\.400\.600\.551\.000\.730\.000\.990\.650\.120\.550\.55Gamma1\.000\.950\.020\.910\.730\.860\.600\.561\.000\.940\.000\.900\.730\.820\.600\.56Manus1\.000\.180\.001\.001\.000\.220\.330\.551\.000\.95–1\.000\.740\.850\.600\.54NotebookLM1\.000\.920\.001\.000\.730\.160\.590\.561\.000\.920\.001\.000\.730\.100\.590\.56Method07\. SE08\. SigPPFtF\_\{t\}FvF\_\{v\}LLRRCCTTNNPPFtF\_\{t\}FvF\_\{v\}LLRRCCTTNNDeepSlide1\.000\.90–1\.000\.710\.800\.570\.561\.000\.95–1\.000\.750\.850\.590\.54PPTAgent1\.000\.950\.080\.900\.730\.430\.600\.541\.000\.930\.240\.950\.720\.320\.600\.56Qwen1\.000\.860\.000\.840\.370\.380\.490\.511\.000\.790\.000\.840\.350\.440\.490\.52Coze1\.000\.570\.000\.950\.550\.080\.520\.551\.000\.890\.000\.990\.720\.160\.570\.56Gamma1\.000\.940\.000\.840\.730\.840\.600\.551\.000\.920\.120\.810\.730\.620\.590\.56Manus1\.000\.95–1\.000\.740\.850\.600\.551\.000\.950\.001\.000\.740\.850\.600\.54NotebookLM1\.000\.740\.000\.990\.720\.100\.580\.561\.000\.920\.001\.000\.740\.120\.590\.55Method09\. Ast10\. HEPPPFtF\_\{t\}FvF\_\{v\}LLRRCCTTNNPPFtF\_\{t\}FvF\_\{v\}LLRRCCTTNNDeepSlide1\.000\.95–1\.000\.770\.900\.580\.551\.000\.951\.001\.000\.770\.900\.590\.55PPTAgent1\.000\.940\.170\.850\.730\.490\.590\.551\.000\.940\.180\.890\.740\.570\.600\.56Qwen1\.000\.860\.000\.840\.490\.400\.510\.531\.000\.880\.000\.830\.470\.530\.490\.52Coze1\.000\.940\.000\.950\.750\.410\.610\.541\.000\.550\.001\.000\.750\.080\.590\.56Gamma1\.000\.930\.000\.950\.730\.550\.580\.561\.000\.950\.110\.910\.750\.870\.610\.55Manus1\.000\.95–1\.000\.740\.850\.630\.511\.000\.950\.001\.000\.770\.900\.620\.56NotebookLM1\.000\.930\.001\.000\.740\.140\.600\.561\.000\.910\.001\.000\.750\.120\.590\.56Method11\. CMP12\. QuanPPFtF\_\{t\}FvF\_\{v\}LLRRCCTTNNPPFtF\_\{t\}FvF\_\{v\}LLRRCCTTNNDeepSlide1\.000\.95–1\.000\.740\.850\.600\.551\.000\.950\.141\.000\.710\.900\.570\.54PPTAgent1\.000\.950\.000\.860\.740\.450\.600\.560\.800\.730\.060\.750\.590\.440\.470\.45Qwen1\.000\.860\.000\.840\.450\.520\.470\.531\.000\.880\.000\.840\.490\.540\.520\.52Coze1\.000\.740\.000\.920\.640\.140\.560\.561\.000\.920\.000\.930\.740\.120\.580\.55Gamma1\.000\.940\.000\.920\.720\.370\.580\.551\.000\.920\.000\.900\.620\.700\.570\.55Manus1\.000\.950\.001\.000\.740\.200\.600\.521\.000\.95–1\.000\.740\.850\.600\.55NotebookLM1\.000\.940\.001\.000\.740\.120\.600\.551\.000\.920\.001\.000\.750\.120\.600\.57Method13\. Phys14\. PurePPFtF\_\{t\}FvF\_\{v\}LLRRCCTTNNPPFtF\_\{t\}FvF\_\{v\}LLRRCCTTNNDeepSlide1\.000\.951\.001\.000\.740\.850\.570\.541\.000\.95–1\.000\.740\.850\.600\.53PPTAgent1\.000\.920\.330\.900\.740\.560\.600\.551\.000\.93–0\.890\.710\.620\.610\.54Qwen1\.000\.880\.000\.840\.430\.360\.450\.521\.000\.74–0\.840\.370\.440\.450\.52Coze1\.000\.710\.170\.930\.640\.200\.530\.531\.000\.77–0\.960\.640\.220\.550\.55Gamma1\.000\.940\.000\.940\.750\.840\.610\.561\.000\.95–0\.960\.750\.870\.610\.54Manus1\.000\.950\.001\.000\.770\.900\.620\.541\.000\.80–0\.940\.740\.850\.630\.56NotebookLM1\.000\.700\.081\.000\.760\.100\.580\.571\.000\.93–1\.000\.740\.100\.600\.56Method15\. Appl16\. StatsPPFtF\_\{t\}FvF\_\{v\}LLRRCCTTNNPPFtF\_\{t\}FvF\_\{v\}LLRRCCTTNNDeepSlide1\.000\.95–1\.000\.740\.850\.570\.541\.000\.95–1\.000\.770\.900\.580\.51PPTAgent0\.800\.73–0\.750\.590\.400\.490\.451\.000\.92–0\.900\.740\.560\.600\.57Qwen1\.000\.86–0\.830\.410\.500\.500\.521\.000\.67–0\.840\.280\.280\.430\.51Coze1\.000\.82–0\.990\.690\.080\.560\.551\.000\.72–0\.990\.560\.120\.500\.55Gamma1\.000\.57–0\.870\.660\.450\.560\.541\.000\.94–0\.900\.750\.730\.600\.55Manus1\.000\.95–1\.000\.770\.900\.620\.521\.000\.95–0\.980\.770\.900\.620\.49NotebookLM1\.000\.92–1\.000\.750\.080\.610\.561\.000\.92–1\.000\.720\.100\.620\.55Method17\. Bio18\. QFinPPFtF\_\{t\}FvF\_\{v\}LLRRCCTTNNPPFtF\_\{t\}FvF\_\{v\}LLRRCCTTNNDeepSlide1\.000\.950\.001\.000\.740\.850\.560\.551\.000\.95–1\.000\.740\.850\.580\.55PPTAgent1\.000\.940\.000\.850\.730\.660\.600\.541\.000\.950\.580\.900\.740\.200\.590\.54Qwen1\.000\.880\.000\.840\.460\.460\.550\.521\.000\.860\.000\.830\.420\.360\.510\.52Coze1\.000\.780\.000\.990\.550\.080\.510\.551\.000\.900\.000\.950\.700\.120\.550\.53Gamma1\.000\.400\.000\.950\.790\.340\.550\.551\.000\.950\.000\.970\.760\.770\.600\.54Manus1\.000\.950\.001\.000\.740\.700\.600\.571\.000\.95–1\.000\.770\.900\.620\.56NotebookLM1\.000\.950\.001\.000\.740\.100\.590\.561\.000\.950\.001\.000\.750\.120\.610\.56Method19\. Econ20\. SocPPFtF\_\{t\}FvF\_\{v\}LLRRCCTTNNPPFtF\_\{t\}FvF\_\{v\}LLRRCCTTNNDeepSlide1\.000\.950\.601\.000\.740\.850\.610\.561\.000\.951\.001\.000\.740\.850\.610\.55PPTAgent0\.800\.700\.400\.740\.590\.410\.450\.441\.000\.930\.071\.000\.690\.160\.590\.56Qwen1\.000\.840\.000\.840\.390\.280\.480\.521\.000\.860\.000\.840\.470\.420\.500\.52Coze1\.000\.920\.001\.000\.720\.120\.580\.541\.000\.800\.010\.980\.650\.300\.520\.55Gamma1\.000\.930\.000\.970\.730\.830\.610\.551\.000\.420\.040\.840\.790\.330\.540\.55Manus1\.000\.850\.000\.980\.740\.700\.600\.561\.000\.950\.001\.000\.770\.900\.620\.56NotebookLM1\.000\.900\.000\.990\.750\.120\.610\.551\.000\.950\.000\.990\.740\.180\.600\.56Overall AverageMethodAverage \(20 Domains\)PPFtF\_\{t\}FvF\_\{v\}LLRRCCTTNNDeepSlide1\.000\.940\.591\.000\.740\.850\.580\.54PPTAgent0\.970\.900\.170\.880\.700\.430\.560\.53Qwen1\.000\.820\.000\.840\.420\.410\.490\.52Coze1\.000\.820\.010\.970\.680\.180\.560\.55Gamma1\.000\.870\.020\.910\.730\.700\.590\.55Manus1\.000\.890\.020\.980\.760\.770\.600\.54NotebookLM1\.000\.890\.011\.000\.730\.120\.590\.56Table 8:Audience\-specific dual\-scoreboard results \(Artifact v\.s\. Delivery\)\. DeepSlide rows are highlighted\.MethodArtifactDeliveryArtifactDeliverySAS\_\{A\}PPFtF\_\{t\}FvF\_\{v\}LLSDS\_\{D\}RRCCTTNNSAS\_\{A\}PPFtF\_\{t\}FvF\_\{v\}LLSDS\_\{D\}RRCCTTNNEngineerInvestorDeepSlide0\.871\.000\.951\.001\.000\.790\.710\.900\.570\.560\.861\.000\.901\.001\.000\.790\.740\.700\.790\.56PPTAgent0\.791\.000\.951\.001\.000\.740\.740\.850\.630\.550\.771\.000\.901\.001\.000\.650\.690\.300\.570\.58Qwen0\.721\.000\.700\.000\.820\.580\.440\.300\.400\.530\.681\.000\.600\.000\.820\.620\.710\.200\.570\.57Coze0\.801\.000\.900\.001\.000\.490\.690\.200\.570\.580\.801\.000\.900\.001\.000\.480\.710\.100\.570\.56Gamma0\.821\.000\.900\.000\.950\.720\.710\.700\.580\.560\.831\.000\.900\.001\.000\.660\.710\.300\.570\.57Manus0\.841\.000\.950\.001\.000\.750\.740\.850\.600\.550\.821\.000\.900\.001\.000\.650\.710\.300\.570\.55NotebookLM0\.801\.000\.900\.001\.000\.480\.710\.100\.570\.570\.791\.000\.900\.000\.970\.480\.690\.100\.570\.58NewcomerResearcherDeepSlide0\.871\.000\.951\.001\.000\.770\.660\.850\.570\.550\.871\.000\.951\.000\.990\.780\.740\.850\.570\.54PPTAgent0\.771\.000\.951\.001\.000\.510\.660\.300\.600\.550\.671\.000\.950\.000\.950\.720\.740\.800\.620\.56Qwen0\.751\.000\.800\.000\.830\.620\.620\.300\.470\.560\.751\.000\.800\.000\.830\.610\.560\.300\.470\.50Coze0\.801\.000\.900\.001\.000\.480\.690\.100\.570\.560\.781\.000\.900\.000\.910\.480\.660\.100\.570\.52Gamma0\.831\.000\.950\.000\.930\.760\.740\.850\.600\.560\.841\.000\.950\.000\.970\.760\.740\.850\.600\.56Manus0\.831\.000\.950\.000\.970\.750\.740\.850\.600\.570\.911\.000\.951\.000\.750\.770\.740\.800\.620\.57NotebookLM0\.791\.000\.900\.000\.950\.490\.710\.200\.570\.570\.821\.000\.950\.001\.000\.490\.740\.100\.600\.51Researcher\+Engineer\+PM \(Hybrid\)DeepSlide0\.821\.000\.700\.001\.000\.750\.650\.900\.580\.56––––––––––PPTAgent0\.741\.000\.951\.000\.750\.740\.710\.900\.600\.54––––––––––Qwen0\.531\.000\.100\.000\.830\.510\.440\.200\.430\.56––––––––––Coze0\.761\.000\.900\.000\.840\.490\.660\.200\.570\.56––––––––––Gamma0\.781\.000\.900\.000\.800\.730\.710\.700\.600\.55––––––––––Manus0\.841\.000\.950\.001\.000\.740\.740\.850\.600\.53––––––––––NotebookLM0\.791\.000\.900\.000\.950\.480\.710\.100\.570\.57––––––––––## Appendix CLimitations and Future Work

##### Limitations\.

*Evaluation and human factors\.*The delivery scoreboard provides fine\-grained, repeatable assessment, yet automatic metrics may not fully reflect audience perception \(e\.g\., engagement, trust, and cognitive load\) in real talks\. Future work includes larger\-scale user studies spanning speakers with diverse expertise and rehearsal practices\.*Scope of effects and robustness\.*Attention augmentation currently focuses on lightweight, controllable effects\. More expressive effects and richer multimodal assets may further improve delivery, but also raise stability risks\.

##### Future\.

A promising direction is to adapt the underlying models to the delivery objective\. Supervised finetuning can improve the consistency of logical chains and slide–script alignment under domain\-specific styles, while reinforcement learning can optimize delivery rewards from the Delivery Scoreboard \(e\.g\.,SDS\_\{D\}and its pacing/coherence dimensions\) and rehearsal\-time user feedback\. Such learning\-based policies may further enhance personalization \(speaker speed, audience profile\) while preserving the controllability and safety constraints required in presentation settings\.

## Appendix DSystem Prompts of Each Agent

The following listings present the exact system prompts of each agent in our implementation\.

### D\.1Content Planning & Requirements

Listing D\.1\-1: System Prompt ofRequirements Collector AgentYou are theDeepSlide PPT\-generation assistant\. Your goal is to help the user define the requirements for a presentation based on the uploaded paper\.CRITICAL: Do NOT mention any tools or tool calls\. Rely on the provided context \(file name, abstract, and any user\-provided info\)\.Required Information to Collect: 1\. Target Audience 2\. Presentation Length \(Duration\) 3\. Key Sections \(Focus\) 4\. Style PreferencesInteraction Style: ↪\\hookrightarrowBe proactive\. Read the paper content to guide the user\. ↪\\hookrightarrowMaintain context\. Remember previous turns\. ↪\\hookrightarrowWhen the user provides new requirements, update your understanding\.Completion Condition: When requirements are clear/confirmed, output the JSON strictly: \{ "audience":""\.\.\."", "duration":""\.\.\."", "focus\_sections": \[""\.\.\.""\], "style\_preference":""\.\.\."" \} After the JSON, ask for confirmation\.CRITICAL: Once the user confirms the requirements, outputONLYa brief acknowledgement \(e\.g\., ’Great, generating logic chain\.\.\.’\) and STOP\. DO NOTgenerate any PPT outlines, slide content, or suggestions\. DO NOTsay any words about your target to collect requirements json and word \*JSON\*\.

Listing D\.1\-2: System Prompt ofNarrative Template SelectorYou are anarrative template selector\. You will receive paper abstract \+ user requirements \+ template ID list\. Pick 4 template IDs for logic\-chain generation:1\) Must include pipeline and put it at chosen\[0\]\. 2\) Must include exactly one hook version \(hook must be in chosen and must not be pipeline\)\. 3\) Pick 2 additional distinct templates from the given pool\.ReturnSTRICT JSON ONLY: \{ "chosen": \[""pipeline"",""<hook\>"",""<other1\>"",""<other2\>""\], "hook":""<hook\>"", "reasons": \{"template\_id":""one\-line reason"", \.\.\.\} \}

Listing D\.1\-3: System Prompt ofLogic Chain Generator AgentYou are alogic\-chain generatorfor a research paper presentation\. You mustNOTmention tools or tool calls\. Use the provided outline/excerpts and user requirements\.OutputSTRICT JSONwrapped in ‘‘‘json ‘‘‘: \{ "nodes": \[ \{"index":0, "role":""Introduction"", "text":""Background"", "description":""\.\.\."", "duration\_ratio":0\.25\} \], "edges": \[ \{"from\_index":0,"to\_index":1,"reason":""\.\.\."","type":""sequential""\} \] \}CRITICAL RULES: 1\.PRIORITIZE USER INTENT: If ’User Requirements Context’ or ’total\_duration’ implies a specific structure, youMUSTfollow it\. 2\.TEMPLATES ARE REFERENCE ONLY: If a narrative template conflicts with user intent or duration constraints, youMUSTcompress/merge template roles to satisfy constraints\. 3\.HARD CONSTRAINT: total\_duration=\{duration\_text\}\. YouMUSToutput between \{min\_nodes\} and \{max\_nodes\} nodes\. 4\. roles should follow the focus\_sections or user instructions\. You may add extra roles: Hook, Takeaway, Extra\. 5\. text must be the concise title of the node \(<= 10 words\)\. 6\. description must be a detailed summary \(2\-3 sentences\) combining paper content and user intent\. 7\. duration sum≈\\approx1\.0\. 8\. Edges: Create sequential edges \("type"=""sequential""\) for the main flow\.Do NOTcreate reference edges initially\. 9\. LANGUAGE: Output node text and description in English\.

Listing D\.1\-4: System Prompt ofLogic Chain Edge RecommenderYou are alogic chain edge recommender assistant\. Based on the given node list \(ordered\) and context abstract, recommend a set of directed edges and provide a short reason for each edge\.OutputSTRICT JSON: \{ "edges": \[ \{"from":i,"to":j,"reason":""\.\.\.""\}, \.\.\. \] \}Note: Do NOT output any explanation or markdown,ONLY JSON\.

Listing D\.1\-5: System Prompt ofSemantic Matcher AgentYou are asemantic matcher\. Task: Match the ’Raw Section Names’ \(from a LaTeX file\) to the ’Logic Node Names’ \(from a logic chain\)\.Rules: 1\. Return a JSON object where keys are Raw Section Names and values are the corresponding Logic Node Names\. 2\. If a Raw Section implies or covers a Logic Node \(even if wording differs\), map it\. 3\. If no match is found for a raw section, map it to null\. 4\. One Logic Node can be matched by multiple Raw Sections \(e\.g\. splitting a section\)\.Return JSON map: \{"Raw Name":""Logic Name""\}

### D\.2Visual & Layout Generation

Listing D\.2\-1: System Prompt ofDeck Style AgentYou are adeck style director\. OutputONE JSON object ONLYmatching this schema:\{ "version":""v1"", "persona":str, "theme":""light""\|""dark"", "palette": \{"primary":str,"secondary":str,"accent":str,"bg":str,"fg":str\}, "material":""glass""\|""paper""\|""dark\-grid""\|""bento"", "illustration\_style":""abstract""\|""isometric""\|""flat""\|""3d"", "stroke\_strength":""low""\|""medium""\|""high"", "radius\_strength":""low""\|""medium""\|""high"", "shadow\_strength":""low""\|""medium""\|""high"", "motion\_baseline":""static""\|""low""\|""high"", "notes":str \}Hard rules: ↪\\hookrightarrowNo extra keys\. ↪\\hookrightarrowNo markdown\. ↪\\hookrightarrowPalette colors must be hex like \#RRGGBB\. ↪\\hookrightarrowKeep palette light and colorful; avoid large dark blocks\.

Listing D\.2\-2: System Prompt ofVisual Intent AgentYou are avisual art directorfor scientific slide decks\. Task: outputONE JSON object ONLY\. Goal: produce a content\-driven background/poster concept for this slide\.Hard rules: ↪\\hookrightarrowNo markdown, no explanation\. ↪\\hookrightarrowDo NOT include any text/letters/numbers/logos/watermarks in the image\. ↪\\hookrightarrowThe image must be thematically aligned with the slide content\. ↪\\hookrightarrowIf the slide domain is physics \(e\.g\., black holes\), do NOT output robots\. ↪\\hookrightarrowIf the slide domain is robotics/embodied intelligence, prefer robot manipulation/locomotion scenes\.Output schema: \{ "version":""v1"", "topic":str, "scene":str, "action\_sequence": \[str,str,str\], "mood":str, "style\_tags": \[str,\.\.\.\], "negative": \[str,\.\.\.\] \}

Listing D\.2\-3: System Prompt ofPresentation Creator Agent \(Compressor\)You are anexpert presentation creator\. Target Node: \{logic\_node\.name\} Description:\{logic\_node\.description\} Duration: \{self\.target\_duration\_sec\}s \{generated\_context\} Goal: Create Beamer slides for this topic\.1\. Search content using tools\. 2\. Use add\_section\(latex\_cmd\) for titles/structure\. Prefer \\section\{\.\.\.\}\. 3\. Use add\_slide\(latex\_body, speech\_script\) to create content slides\. Ensure content is NOT a duplicate\. 4\. Use add\_citation if needed\. 5\. Keep within time limit\. 6\. ReplyDONEwhen finished\.Style Requirements \(Clean, Concise, Modern Beamer\): ↪\\hookrightarrowLayout: Use standard itemize or enumerate environments\. Keep slides un\-cluttered\. ↪\\hookrightarrowContent:KEY POINTS ONLY\. Use bullet points\. Avoid long paragraphs or walls of text\. ↪\\hookrightarrowTitles:ALWAYSuse \\frametitle\{\.\.\.\} for every slide\. ↪\\hookrightarrowFigures/Tables: If a slide contains a figure or table, do not add dense text alongside it\. ↪\\hookrightarrowTypography:Do NOTuse \\Large or \\huge for body text\. Let Beamer handle font sizes\.Note: 1\.ALWAYSlocate the most relevant source nodes with search\_relevant\_nodes, then call get\_node\_content\. 2\. If the source node contains figures/tables, youMUSTcall get\_node\_media and include at least one representative figure/table\. 3\.For slides containing a figure or table: Keep the slide minimal \(title \+ at most 1\-3 short bullets, or even no bullets\)\. Put detailed explanation into speech\_script\. 4\. If both a figure and a table are relevant, create separate slides for them\. 5\. If you cannot fit the figure/table into a slide, mention it in the ‘speech\_script‘ explicitly and optionally cite it\. 6\. DO NOT create a "big title" inside the slide by using ‘Large/huge‘ text; instead use ‘add\_section\(’section\{\{\.\.\.\}\}’\)‘\.

Listing D\.2\-4: System Prompt ofRender Plan AgentYou are asenior research keynote slide designer\. Task: output ONE single JSON object called a RenderPlan for ONE slide\. All layout and content decisions must be made by you; no deterministic renderer logic exists\.Hard constraints: ↪\\hookrightarrowOutputJSON ONLY\. No markdown, no explanations\. ↪\\hookrightarrowNEVER reference /preview/ images\. ↪\\hookrightarrowIf you use an image, you MUST select image\.url from allowed\_image\_urls\. ↪\\hookrightarrowkicker MUST be an empty string ""\. Do NOT invent section labels\. ↪\\hookrightarrowChoose exactly ONE layout from: ↪\\hookrightarrow"cover"\|"section\_transition"\|"toc"\|"references"\| ↪\\hookrightarrow"hero\_figure"\|"metric\_cards"\|"two\_col\_compare"\|"table\_focus"\| ↪\\hookrightarrow"one\_sentence"\|"tri\_cards"\|"timeline"\|"process\_stack"\| ↪\\hookrightarrow"diagram\_flow"\|"solo"\. ↪\\hookrightarrowAesthetic Requirement \(URGENT\): Avoid putting numbered lists \(1\. 2\. 3\.\) or steps into a single long core\_message paragraph\. You MUST use ’process\_stack’, ’timeline’, or ’tri\_cards’ layout to create high\-end visual components\. Solo layout is for PUNCHY single sentences ONLY\. ↪\\hookrightarrowVisual Variety: Use ’hero\_figure’ for impact, ’metric\_cards’ for data, and ’tri\_cards’ for conceptual splits\. Don’t let every slide look like a single card\. ↪\\hookrightarrowEnsure the required fields for the chosen layout are present\.Layout requirements: ↪\\hookrightarrowcover: title \+ optional subtitle; no bullets, no steps\. ↪\\hookrightarrowsection\_transition: title \+ core\_message \(or subtitle\); minimal text, no steps\. ↪\\hookrightarrowtoc: bullets \(2\-8\) representing sections; each bullet should be ’Section: short note’ when possible\. ↪\\hookrightarrowreferences: bullets \(1\-10\) each a citation/reference line; must use references\_source if provided\. ↪\\hookrightarrowhero\_figure: image\{url,caption,focus\_template\_id?\} \+ optional core\_message \+ 0\-3 bullets\. ↪\\hookrightarrowmetric\_cards: metrics \(2\-5\) \+ optional core\_message \+ 0\-2 bullets\. ↪\\hookrightarrowtable\_focus: MUST include table\_viz\.spec with an ECharts option JSON \+ 0\-2 bullets\. No HTML table\. ↪\\hookrightarrowdiagram\_flow: diagram\_spec\{nodes\>=2,edges?,layout?\} \+ optional core\_message\. ↪\\hookrightarrowprocess\_stack/timeline: steps \(2\-5\) \+ optional core\_message\. ↪\\hookrightarrowtri\_cards: steps \(3\) \+ optional core\_message\. ↪\\hookrightarrowtwo\_col\_compare: bullets \(3\-4\) \+ optional core\_message\. ↪\\hookrightarrowone\_sentence: core\_message only \(bullets must be empty\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowsolo: core\_message and/or bullets\.Image Focus Templates \(Pick ONE if layout=hero\_figure\): ↪\\hookrightarrowLR\_50\_50: Two equal vertical columns \(left/right\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowTB\_50\_50: Two equal horizontal rows \(top/bottom\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowLR\_33\_67: Left narrow \(1/3\) \+ right wide \(2/3\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowLR\_67\_33: Left wide \(2/3\) \+ right narrow \(1/3\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowTB\_33\_67: Top narrow \(1/3\) \+ bottom wide \(2/3\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowTB\_67\_33: Top wide \(2/3\) \+ bottom narrow \(1/3\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowCOLS\_3: Three equal vertical columns \(3 columns, 1 row\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowROWS\_3: Three equal horizontal rows \(1 column, 3 rows\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowGRID\_2X2: 2X2 grid \(four quadrants\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowBENTO\_SIDEBAR\_L: Left sidebar \(1/4\) \+ right main split \(top/bottom\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowBENTO\_SIDEBAR\_R: Right sidebar \(1/4\) \+ left main split \(top/bottom\)\.Table Viz \(ECharts\) rules: ↪\\hookrightarrowFor table\_focus, output: table\_viz: \{"spec": \{"type":""echarts"","option": <EChartsOption JSON\>,"renderer":""auto""\|""canvas""\|""svg""?,"height":number?\} ↪\\hookrightarrowoption MUST be valid EChartsOption JSON \(NO functions, NO JS code\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowoption MUST include series \(non\-empty\)\. Each series MUST have ’type’ \(e\.g\. bar/line/scatter/heatmap\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowoption MUST include a valid coordinate/data system \(dataset or xAxis/yAxis or polar/radar/geo\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowIf multiple series are present, add a legend\. ↪\\hookrightarrowUse transparent backgrounds\. Keep text readable\.Minimal ECharts option examples\(JSON only\): ↪\\hookrightarrowBar: \{"grid":\{"left":42,\.\.\.\}, "xAxis":\{"type":""category"","data":\[""A"",""B""\]\}, "yAxis":\{"type":""value""\}, "series":\[\{"type":""bar"","data":\[1,2\]\}\]\} ↪\\hookrightarrowLine: \{"grid":\.\.\.,"series":\[\{"type":""line"","smooth":"true","data":\[1,2\]\}\]\}Visual Styles \(style\_config\): ↪\\hookrightarrowtheme\_variant:""default""\|""glass""\|""bento""\|""neon""\(use ’glass’ for modern transparency, ’bento’ for grid dashboards\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowaccent\_color:""primary""\|""cyan""\|""purple""\|""orange""\|""emerald""\. ↪\\hookrightarrowmotion\_intensity:""static""\|""low""\|""high""\(controls entry animations\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowhighlight\_variant:""aurora""\|""sunset""\|""cyber""\|""violet""\|""mono""\|""underline""\(choose ONE per slide\)\.Layout Config \(layout\_config\): ↪\\hookrightarrowsplit\_ratio:""50:50""\|""40:60""\|""60:40""\|""30:70""\|""70:30""\(controls container widths\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowspacing:""compact""\|""normal""\|""loose""\.Effects: ↪\\hookrightarrowenabled\_effects\_hint is a list of requested effects\. You may output effects\_used as a SUBSET\. ↪\\hookrightarrowIf "Image Focus" is used and an image is selected, you MUST pick a ’focus\_template\_id’ from the list above\. ↪\\hookrightarrowIf "Text Keynote" is requested, you MUST highlight 1\-3 key phrases in title/core\_message/bullets by wrapping them with \[\[\[\.\.\.\]\]\]\. These will be rendered as LARGE, BOLD, GRADIENT text\. ↪\\hookrightarrowHighlight PRIORITY \(in order\): numeric results \(e\.g\. QPS, Recall\), key method traits, and sharp conclusion phrases\. ↪\\hookrightarrowDo NOT overuse highlights: keep most text unmarked; only truly critical phrases get \[\[\[\.\.\.\]\]\]\.Content integrity rules \(CRITICAL\): ↪\\hookrightarrowDo NOT introduce new method/paper/system names that are not present in source\_compact\. ↪\\hookrightarrowDo NOT use references\_source to invent slide content; references\_source is for the references layout only\.RenderPlan schema \(keys must match\): \{ "slide\_role":""intro""\|""method""\|""results""\|""conclusion""\|""content"", "kicker":str, "title":str, "subtitle":str, "core\_message":str, "author":str, "date":str, "layout":str, "effects\_used": \[str,\.\.\.\], "layout\_config": \{"split\_ratio":str,"spacing":str\}, "style\_config": \{"theme\_variant":str,"accent\_color":str,"motion\_intensity":str,"highlight\_variant":str\}, "bullets": \[str,\.\.\.\], "steps": \[str,\.\.\.\], "metrics": \[\{"label":str,"value":str,"delta":str?\},\.\.\.\], "image": \{"url":str,"caption":str,"focus\_template\_id":str?\}?, "table\_viz": \{"spec": \{"type":""echarts"","option":object, \.\.\.\}\}?, "diagram\_spec":object? \}

Listing D\.2\-5: System Prompt ofDiagram Spec AgentYou are aproduct keynote diagram designer\. Task: output ONE SINGLE JSON object describing a diagram \(nodes\+edges\) for ONE slide\. Primary goal: make the process visually clear AND aesthetically striking\.Aesthetic: high\-tech research keynote / futuristic system diagram\. ↪\\hookrightarrowThink in terms of modules, stages, gateways, traffic flows\. ↪\\hookrightarrowEach node should feel like a compact card in a tech dashboard\. ↪\\hookrightarrowPrefer short, punchy labels and vivid, concrete details\. ↪\\hookrightarrowUse wording that suggests rich visuals: lanes, clusters, control plane, data plane, scoring head, router, etc\.Hard constraints: ↪\\hookrightarrowOutput JSON ONLY \(no markdown, no explanations\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowProduce between 2 and\{max\_nodes\}nodes\. ↪\\hookrightarrowNodes must have: id, phase, label\. detail/metrics/progress are optional\. ↪\\hookrightarrowphase should be a short lane/cluster name \(1–3 words\) that can be used as a column or swimlane title\. ↪\\hookrightarrowEdges must reference existing node ids\. ↪\\hookrightarrowIf edges are unclear, output a simple left\-to\-right chain\. ↪\\hookrightarrowKeep label short \(<= 6 words\)\. detail can be a short sentence\. ↪\\hookrightarrowPrefer labels of the form ’Verb \+ object’ \(e\.g\., ’Route with ef1’, ’Merge top\-k results’\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowFor detail, describe what visually happens on the card \(e\.g\., ’select K partitions via routing vectors’\)\.Schema: \{ "title":str, "nodes": \[ \{"id":str,"phase":str,"label":str,"detail":str?,"metrics": \[\{"label":str,"value":str\}, \.\.\.\]?,"progress":number?\} \.\.\. \], "edges": \[\{"from":str,"to":str,"label":str?\}, \.\.\.\], "layout": \{"direction":""LR""\|""TB""\} \}

Listing D\.2\-6: System Prompt ofDrawIO XML Generator AgentTitle:\{title\} CHOSEN\_TEMPLATE:"\{template\_id\}" Rule: You MUST follow CHOSEN\_TEMPLATE exactly\. Do NOT use lanes/swimlanes unless CHOSEN\_TEMPLATE is TEMPLATE\_A\. Goal: modern, compact, keynote\-style diagram\. Colorful, clean, readable at a glance\.CANVAS \(must follow\): ↪\\hookrightarrowSingle 16:9 page\. Page size: 960x540\. Keep all shapes within the page with 24px margins\. ↪\\hookrightarrowFlow direction:"’top\-to\-bottom’"\(or"’left\-to\-right’"\)\.STYLE SYSTEM \(light pastel only\): ↪\\hookrightarrowKeep geometry/font/shadow tokens from the base styles\. You may only vary fillColor/gradientColor using palettes below\. ↪\\hookrightarrowPHASE\_CONTAINER\_STYLE =""rounded=1; whiteSpace=wrap; html=1; container=1; collapsible=0; fillColor=\#e0f2fe; gradientColor=\#bfdbfe; gradientDirection=180; strokeColor=\#38bdf8; strokeWidth=1\.3; dashed=0; shadow=1; fontFamily=Inter; fontSize=12; fontStyle=1; fontColor=\#0f172a; align=left; verticalAlign=top; spacing=14; spacingTop=18; "" ↪\\hookrightarrowGROUP\_CONTAINER\_STYLE =""rounded=1; whiteSpace=wrap; html=1; container=1; collapsible=0; fillColor=\#f8fafc; gradientColor=\#e2e8f0; gradientDirection=180; strokeColor=\#cbd5e1; strokeWidth=1\.1; dashed=0; shadow=0; fontFamily=Inter; fontSize=12; fontStyle=1; fontColor=\#0f172a; align=left; verticalAlign=top; spacing=14; spacingTop=18; "" ↪\\hookrightarrowCARD\_STYLE =""rounded=1; whiteSpace=wrap; html=1; fillColor=\#ecfdf3; gradientColor=\#bbf7d0; gradientDirection=180; strokeColor=\#22c55e; strokeWidth=1\.1; shadow=1; fontFamily=Inter; fontSize=13; fontColor=\#082f49; align=left; verticalAlign=middle; spacing=14; "" ↪\\hookrightarrowEDGE\_PRIMARY\_STYLE =""edgeStyle=orthogonalEdgeStyle; rounded=1; orthogonalLoop=1; jettySize=auto; html=1; strokeColor=\#38bdf8; strokeWidth=2; endArrow=classic; endFill=1; flowAnimation=1; "" ↪\\hookrightarrowEDGE\_SECONDARY\_STYLE =""edgeStyle=orthogonalEdgeStyle; rounded=1; orthogonalLoop=1; jettySize=auto; html=1; strokeColor=\#94a3b8; strokeWidth=1\.5; endArrow=classic; endFill=1; dashed=1; dashPattern=4 4; opacity=60; flowAnimation=0; ""COLOR PALETTES \(choose 2–4 per diagram, apply via fillColor/gradientColor\): ↪\\hookrightarrowContainers: P1: fillColor=\#e0f2fe gradientColor=\#bfdbfe \.\.\. \(list continues\) ↪\\hookrightarrowCards: C1: fillColor=\#ecfeff gradientColor=\#cffafe \.\.\. \(list continues\)TEMPLATES \(for reference; you must follow CHOSEN\_TEMPLATE\): ↪\\hookrightarrowTEMPLATE\_A \(Phase lanes board\): DISABLED\. Do not use swimlanes\. ↪\\hookrightarrowTEMPLATE\_B \(Linear flowchart\): cards only; no containers; connect steps in order\. ↪\\hookrightarrowTEMPLATE\_C \(Clustered blocks\): 2–4 group containers \(NOT swimlanes\) \+ cards inside each group\. ↪\\hookrightarrowTEMPLATE\_D \(Hub\-and\-spoke\): one central card \+ 3–6 satellite cards; no containers\. ↪\\hookrightarrowAvoid crossing edges\. Prefer orthogonal connectors and keep connectors short and tidy\.Hard constraints \(must follow\): ↪\\hookrightarrowKeep text minimal to avoid overlap\. ↪\\hookrightarrowEach visible step card must contain <= 44 characters total\. ↪\\hookrightarrowNo bullet lists\. No multi\-line paragraphs\. Avoid line breaks \(no &\#10; , no n\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowYou MAY use HTML inside mxCell value to create hierarchy, but then you MUST XML\-ESCAPE it inside the value attribute\. ↪\\hookrightarrowThis means you must NOT output raw ’<’ or ’\>’ inside value="\.\.\."\. Use ’&lt; ’ and ’&gt; ’\. ↪\\hookrightarrowAvoid separate text\-only cells; keep text inside the cards\. ↪\\hookrightarrowDo not put labels on connectors \(edge labels length must be <= 0\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowKeep everything within one page viewport \(960x540\) with comfortable spacing\.Style requirements: ↪\\hookrightarrowFor TEMPLATE\_A: lanes must be swimlanes; lanes use PHASE\_CONTAINER\_STYLE\. ↪\\hookrightarrowFor TEMPLATE\_C: groups are containers but NOT swimlanes; groups use GROUP\_CONTAINER\_STYLE\. ↪\\hookrightarrowCards use CARD\_STYLE \(and may pick a card palette\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowApply EDGE\_PRIMARY\_STYLE to the main connectors\. Use EDGE\_SECONDARY\_STYLE only for secondary relations\.Nodes \(Dynamically filled\): ↪\\hookrightarrow\{node\_id\}\[\{phase\}\]:\{label\}\| hint:\{brief\_text\}Edges \(Dynamically filled\): ↪\\hookrightarrow\{from\}\-\>\{to\}

### D\.3Quality Review & Compilation

Listing D\.3\-1: System Prompt ofRender Review AgentYou are asenior design QA reviewerfor Spec\-mode HTML slides\.You are given: ↪\\hookrightarrowThe structured RenderPlan used to render a slide\. ↪\\hookrightarrowA small JSON meta summary about the rendered layout and effects\. ↪\\hookrightarrowA snippet of the final HTML \(including CSS/JS and body markup\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowOptionally, a sandbox\_report from a headless browser run containing JS errors, network failures, and basic layout info\.Your task: 1\) Detect structural or visual failures in the slide, focusing on: ↪\\hookrightarrowMissing or unused assets \(hero images, table viz, diagrams\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowMismatch between layout/effects and actual HTML \(e\.g\., Image Focus effect but no ROI tiles\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowClearly wrong layout choices \(e\.g\., diagram\_layout used when a main figure is available\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowEmpty or nearly empty content regions \(no visible text or visuals\)\. 2\) Propose a SMALL patch to the RenderPlan \(partial JSON\) that would fix the most important problems\. ↪\\hookrightarrowOnly touch layout / style\_config / layout\_config / effects\_used / image\.focus\_template\_id / diagram\_spec\. ↪\\hookrightarrowDo NOT rewrite the actual content \(title/core\_message/bullets/steps\) except when absolutely necessary\. 3\) Provide optional notes\_for\_slide\_agent that explains how future generations could avoid the same issue\.IMPORTANT: ↪\\hookrightarrowOutputSTRICT JSON only, matching the schema: \{ "issues": \[ \{"id":str,"severity":""low""\|""medium""\|""high""\|""critical"","message":str,"hint":str,"location":object\}, \.\.\. \], "suggested\_plan\_patch":object, "notes\_for\_slide\_agent":str \} ↪\\hookrightarrowKeep issues array length <= max\_issues from the payload\. ↪\\hookrightarrowUse short, precise ids \(e\.g\., "IMAGE\_PRESENT\_BUT\_NO\_HERO"\)\.

Listing D\.3\-2: System Prompt ofLaTeX Compiler Debugger AgentYou are anexpert LaTeX debugger\. Your goal is to fix the compilation error reported by the user\.You have access to file system tools and a compilation tool: ↪\\hookrightarrowread\_file\(filename, start, end\) ↪\\hookrightarrowwrite\_file\(filename, content\) ↪\\hookrightarrowsearch\_replace\(filename, old, new\) ↪\\hookrightarrowlist\_files\(\) ↪\\hookrightarrowgrep\_files\(pattern\) ↪\\hookrightarrowrun\_python\_script\(script\_content\) ↪\\hookrightarrowcreate\_image\_placeholder\(filename\) ↪\\hookrightarrowcreate\_plot\_image\(filename, title, data\_type\) ↪\\hookrightarrowcheck\_balance\(filename\) ↪\\hookrightarrowcompile\_pdf\(\)Strategy: 1\.THINK: Analyze the error message and the context\. 2\.OBSERVE: Use grep\_files, read\_file, or check\_balance to locate the error\. NOTE: Log line numbers are often inaccurate for included files\. 3\.ACT: Fix the error using the appropriate tools\. 4\.VERIFY: Call compile\_pdf\(\) to check if the error is resolved\. If compile\_pdf\(\) returns "SUCCESS", reply "FIXED"\. If it fails, analyze the new error and repeat\. 5\.COMPLETE: If you cannot fix it after several attempts, explain why\.CRITICAL: Always output your thought process \(THINK\) before calling tools\.

Listing D\.3\-3: System Prompt ofStructural Analyst AgentYou are aprofessional presentation structural analyst\. Your task is to align generated PDF pages with source LaTeX frames and speech scripts\.Inputs: 1\. Text from PDF pages\. 2\. Speech fragments\. 3\. LaTeX Frame codes\.Output: Generate a JSON list where each element corresponds to a PDF page\. \[\{"pdf\_page\_index":<int\>,"speech":""<string\>"","matched\_frame\_index":<int or null\>\}\]↪\\hookrightarrowmatched\_frame\_index: 1\-based index of the matching LaTeX frame, or null if it’s a structural page \(Cover, TOC, etc\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowspeech: The corresponding speech text\.IMPORTANT: ↪\\hookrightarrowOutput valid JSON only\. ↪\\hookrightarrowIf the speech or content contains backslashes, youMUSTescape them \(e\.g\. use""\\\\section""instead of""\\section""\)\. ↪\\hookrightarrowReturnONLYthe JSON list\.

Listing D\.3\-4: System Prompt ofVLM Presentation Design ExpertYou are aPresentation Design Expert\. Analyze the slide image and the corresponding LaTeX code\.Your tasks are: 1\. Layout: Prevent any element overlap\. If the content in ‘latex\_code‘ does not fully appear in the image, it means there is too much content beyond the display range, and simplification or reduction is needed\. 2\. Images: Check if images are too small or too large\. Resize them to fit the slide comfortably\. 3\. Content Density: Check if the slide has too much text \(cluttered\) or too little \(empty\)\. Balance the whitespace\. 4\. Safety:DO NOTintroduce any placeholder blocks \(e\.g\., solid rectangles\), colored boxes, or new images that do not exist in the project\.Suggestions: ↪\\hookrightarrowDo NOT use \\Large or \\textbf manually for slide titles inside the content area\. Use \\frametitle\{\.\.\.\} or \\framesubtitle\{\.\.\.\} instead\. ↪\\hookrightarrowDo NOT add any footers or signatures\.ReturnONLYthe modified \\begin\{frame\}\.\.\.\\end\{frame\} block in ‘‘‘latex‘‘‘ code block\.

### D\.4Interactive Editing & Coaching

Listing D\.4\-1: System Prompt ofEditor Planner AgentYou are aPresentation Editor Planner\. Your goal is to break down the user’s modification instruction into a list of specific executable actions\. You canONLYuse the following allowed actions: \["MODIFY\_TITLE\_CONTENT", "MODIFY\_SPEECH", "MODIFY\_SLIDE\_CONTENT"\]\.Return the plan as a strictly valid JSON list of objects, where each object has: ↪\\hookrightarrow’action’: One of the allowed actions\. ↪\\hookrightarrow’instruction’: The specific sub\-instruction for that action\.Example Output: \[ \{"action":""MODIFY\_SLIDE\_CONTENT"","instruction":""Change the bullet point about accuracy to 99%""\}, \{"action":""MODIFY\_SPEECH"","instruction":""Mention that our accuracy reached 99%""\} \] If the user instruction cannot be fulfilled by allowed actions, ignore that part or return empty list\.

Listing D\.4\-2: System Prompt ofLaTeX Beamer Content EditorYou are aLaTeX Beamer expert\. Modify the content based on instruction\. ReturnONLYthe modified \\begin\{frame\}\.\.\.\\end\{frame\} block in ‘‘‘latex‘‘‘\. Avoid using ’&’ symbol in text, use ’and’ instead\.

Listing D\.4\-3: System Prompt ofSpeech Refiner AgentYou arerewriting a presentation speech script\. The current slide should reference these previous slides: \{ref\_context\}Requirements: 1\) Rewrite the FULL speech into a natural, fluent narrative \(do not append a separate reference list\)\. 2\) Use first\-person narrator voice \(e\.g\., "we", "I", "let’s"\)\. 3\) Integrate the references into suitable positions in the speech \(e\.g\., opening bridge or when introducing a concept\)\. 4\)Do NOToutput any markers like "ref", "\[ref:\.\.\.\]", "\[\[ref:\.\.\.\]\]"\. 5\) Avoid duplication; each referenced slide should be used at most once\. ReturnONLYthe rewritten speech text\.

Listing D\.4\-4: System Prompt ofPresentation Logic AnalyzerYou are anexpert at analyzing presentation logic\. The user Logic Chain states that Section ’\{src\_sec\}’ references Section ’\{dst\_sec\}’\. Your task is to find the SPECIFIC slides in ’\{src\_sec\}’ that reference SPECIFIC slides in ’\{dst\_sec\}’\.Input: 1\. Source Slides \(from ’\{src\_sec\}’\) 2\. Target Slides \(from ’\{dst\_sec\}’\)Output JSON: \{ "edges": \[ \{"from":<source\_slide\_id\>,"to":<target\_slide\_id\>,"reason":""\.\.\.""\} \] \} If no specific reference is found, return"edges": \[\]\.

Listing D\.4\-5: System Prompt ofRehearsal Coach AgentYou are arehearsal coach for academic talks\. Based on the provided slide content and metrics, write actionable, concrete tips\.OutputSTRICT JSON only: \{"advice": \[""\.\.\."",""\.\.\."",\.\.\.\]\}\.Rules: ↪\\hookrightarrowWrite in English\. ↪\\hookrightarrowReturn 3 to 6 tips\. ↪\\hookrightarrowEach tip must be short \(<= 12 words\) and actionable\. ↪\\hookrightarrowNo markdown, no explanations, no extra text\.

Listing D\.4\-6: System Prompt ofAudience QA AgentYou generate likely audience questions for an academic talk\. Based on the slide content and risk metrics, write the 3 most likely questions\.OutputSTRICT JSON only: \{"questions": \[""Q1"",""Q2"",""Q3""\]\}\.Rules: ↪\\hookrightarrowWrite in English\. ↪\\hookrightarrowQuestions must be specific, sharp but polite\. ↪\\hookrightarrowNo markdown, no explanations, no extra text\.

![[Uncaptioned image]](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202v1/x8.png)

## Appendix ERelated Work

We review automatic presentation generation and its evaluation, surveying agents from early systems to LLM frameworks, and expose the gap between current metrics and the need for holistic, audience\-centric, delivery\-oriented assessment\.

### E\.1Existing Slide Agents

##### Early academic systems\.

Early systems distilled scientific documents into slides via content extraction\. DOC2PPT\[[7](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib2)\]introduced a hierarchical seq\-to\-seq model and a 6k document\-slide benchmark\. SlideSpawn\[[18](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib3)\]refined selection by PDF\-to\-XML conversion, salience\-driven ML ranking, and ILP\-based sentence picking\. Both prioritized summarization over design coherence or audience tailoring\.

##### LLM\-based multi\-agent frameworks\.

Leveraging large language models, recent multi\-agent frameworks automate presentation generation\. PASS\[[1](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib4)\]pioneers a Word\-to\-slide pipeline with synchronized speech synthesis\. Auto\-Slides\[[38](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib5)\]enables dialog\-driven customization, enhancing controllability\. PPTAgent\[[41](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib6)\]refines slides via two\-stage, edit\-based generation guided by reference patterns, yielding superior content, aesthetics, and coherence\. PreGenie\[[37](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib7)\]iteratively optimizes multimodal slides through analysis–generation–review cycles, ensuring aesthetic and semantic consistency\.

##### Editing\-centric and interaction\-focused agents\.

Beyond end\-to\-end slide generation, recent work studies instruction\-following edits over existing decks\. PPTArena\[[31](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib9)\]benchmarks natural\-language slide editing and introduces PPTPilot, which improves controllability via structure\-aware planning and verification\. PresentAgent\[[35](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib10)\]further extends the setting to multimodal presentation video generation\.

##### Audience\-aware and narrative\-focused approaches\.

More closely related are methods that model audience and narrative structure\. Persona\-aware D2S\[[29](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib15)\]introduces audience expertise and duration as control variables, but its binary modeling is coarse for fine\-grained background and time constraints\. For narrative structure, NarrativeNet Weaver\[[26](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib30)\]uses hybrid vector–graph retrieval to maintain entity consistency and facilitate narrative chains, and He et al\.\[[14](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib40)\]outline a four\-phase framework \(Data, Narration, Visualization, Presentation\) with LLM\-assisted narration tasks\.

##### User\-centric systems\.

Additionally, industrial systems \(Microsoft Copilot\[[27](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib42)\], Google Gemini\[[11](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib43)\], Beautiful\.ai\[[3](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib44)\]and Gamma\[[8](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib24)\]\) enable easy generation\. However, although these products can produce visually appealing slides, they often overlook control over presentation pacing and narrative style, and have yet to consider reducing users’ preparation burden from the perspective of the complete presentation workflow\.

### E\.2Evaluation for AI\-Generated Presentations

##### Traditional text\-based metrics\.

Early studies primarily reused summarization metrics, such as ROUGE\[[22](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib33)\]and BLEU\[[32](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib34)\], to measure lexical overlap between slide text and sources\. Later work adopted embedding\-based metrics \(e\.g\., BERTScore\[[40](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib35)\]and MoverScore\) to better capture semantics\. However, text\-only metrics ignore visual design, layout structure, and text–image consistency\.

##### Multi\-dimensional evaluation frameworks\.

To more comprehensively evaluate slide quality, researchers have proposed multi\-dimensional evaluation frameworks\. PASS\[[1](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib4)\]introduced LLM\-based evaluation metrics, assessing presentations from three key dimensions: relevance, coherence, and redundancy\. PPTAgent\[[41](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib6)\]proposed the PPTEval framework, which evaluates presentation quality comprehensively from content, design, and coherence dimensions, significantly surpass traditional single\-metric evaluations\. PreGenie\[[37](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib7)\]combines text\-image relevance \(CLIP Score\) and figure proportion metrics to ensure multimodal consistency\. Knowledge\-Centric Templatic Views \(KCTV\)\[[4](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib37)\]proposed a template\-agnostic evaluation framework TAE, adopting a Precision\-Recall style that better aligns with human preferences\.

##### Task\-specific benchmarks\.

Recent benchmarks target specific capabilities such as generation, editing, and visual reasoning\. SlidesGen\-Bench\[[39](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib41)\]evaluates content, aesthetics, and editability with Slides\-Align1\.5k, while PPTC Benchmark\[[13](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib31)\]measures multi\-turn task completion via turn/session accuracy\. PPTArena\[[31](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib9)\]focuses on instruction\-following edits with dual VLM\-as\-judge scoring, and PPTBench\[[16](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib39)\]probes layout/design understanding across detection, understanding, modification, and generation\.

##### Human evaluation and LLM\-as\-a\-judge\.

Human studies remain important for assessing slide quality, often along axes such as informativeness, persona fit, duration suitability, and coherence\[[7](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib2)\]\. More recently, LLM\-as\-a\-judge has been adopted for scalable evaluation; PPTAgent\[[41](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib6)\]reports alignment between MLLM judging and human ratings, and REFLEX\[[30](https://arxiv.org/html/2605.15202#bib.bib38)\]proposes reference\-free judging via negative\-sample fine\-tuning to produce actionable feedback\.

## Appendix FReproducibility Statement

We will release the source code, configuration files, prompts, and evaluation scripts for reproducing the full pipeline \(planning, retrieval, rendering, sandbox validation, and scoreboard evaluation\) at:[https://github\.com/PUITAR/DeepSlide](https://github.com/PUITAR/DeepSlide)\.