Hyperpolyglot Lisp：Common Lisp、Racket、Clojure、Emacs Lisp

# Lisp: Common Lisp, Racket, Clojure, Emacs Lisp 来源: https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp *并排参考表* 语法与执行 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#grammar-execution) | 变量与表达式 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#var-expr) | 算术与逻辑 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#arithmetic-logic) | 字符串 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#strings) | 正则表达式 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#regexes) | 日期与时间 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#dates-time) | 列表 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#lists) | 固定长度数组 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#fixed-length-arrays) | 字典 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#dictionaries) | 用户定义类型 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#user-defined-types) | 函数 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#functions) | 执行控制 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#execution-control) | 异常 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#exceptions) | 流 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#streams) | Emacs 缓冲区 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#emacs-buffers) | 文件 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#files) | 目录 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#directories) | 进程与环境 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#processes-environment) | 库与命名空间 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#libraries-namespaces) | 对象 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#objects) | Lisp 宏 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#lisp-macros) | 反射 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#reflection) | Java 互操作 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#java-interop) common lisp (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#common-lisp) | racket (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#racket) | clojure (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#clojure) | emacs lisp (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#emacs-lisp) 使用的版本 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#version-used-note) *SBCL 1.2* | *Racket 6.1* | *Clojure 1.6* | *Emacs 24.5* 显示版本 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#show-version-note) $ sbcl --version | $ racket --version | *启动时 REPL 显示* | $ emacs --version 语法与执行 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#grammar-execution-note) common lisp | racket | clojure | emacs lisp 编译器 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#compiler-note) $ raco make *模块*.rkt | M-x byte-compile-file 独立可执行文件 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#standalone-executable-note) (sb-ext:save-lisp-and-die "*可执行文件*" :executable t :toplevel '*函数*) | $ mzc —exe *可执行文件* *文件* | *指定完整的 clojure jar 路径：* java -cp clojure.jar clojure.main foo.clj 解释器 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#interpreter-note) $ sbcl --script foo.lisp | $ racket -r foo.racket | *指定完整的 clojure jar 路径：* java -cp clojure.jar clojure.main foo.clj | *shebang 行 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#shebang-note)* #!/usr/bin/env sbcl --script | #!/usr/bin/env racket --script | *指定完整的 clojure jar 路径：* #!/usr/bin/env java -jar clojure.jar | #!/usr/bin/env emacs --script REPL (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#repl-note) $ sbcl | $ racket | $ java -jar /PATH/TO/clojure.jar | M-x ielm 命令行程序 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#cmd-line-program-note) $ racket -e '(+ 1 1)' 单词分隔符 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#word-separator-note) *空白字符* | *空白字符* | *空白字符和逗号* | *空白字符* 行末注释 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#eol-comment-note) (+ 1 1) ; 加法 | (+ 1 1) ; 加法 | (+ 1 1) ; 加法 | (+ 1 1) ; 加法 多行注释 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#multiple-line-comment-note) (+ 1 #| 加法 |# 1) | (+ 1 #| 加法 |# 1) 变量与表达式 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#var-expr-note) common lisp | racket | clojure | emacs lisp 标识符 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#id-note) *不区分大小写，不能以数字开头* | *排除的字符：* SP ( ) " , ' ` ; # | \ | *保留给用户宏：* ? ! [ ] { } | *区分大小写，不能以数字开头* | *排除的字符：* SP ( ) [ ] { } " , ' ` ; # | \ | *区分大小写，不能以数字开头* | *允许的字符：* A-Z a-z 0-9 * + ! - _ ? | *这些有特殊含义或保留：* / . : | *区分大小写，不能以数字开头* | *排除的字符：* SP ( ) " , ' ` ; # | \ _ [ ] 带引号的标识符 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#quoted-id-note) *以及转义标识符* (setq |white space symbol| 3) (setq white\ space\ symbol 3) | (define |white space symbol| 3) (define white\ space\ symbol 3) | *无* | *无* | *无* | (setq white\ space\ symbol 3) 局部变量 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#local-var-note) ; 并行赋值： (let ((x 3) (y 4)) (+ x y)) ; 顺序赋值： (let* ((x 3) (y (* x x))) (+ x y)) | ; 并行赋值： (let ((x 3) (y 4)) (+ x y)) ; 顺序赋值： (let* ((x 3) (y (* x x))) (+ x y)) | (let [x 3 y 4] (+ x y)) (let [[x y] [3 4]] (+ x y)) (let [x 3 y (* x x)] (+ x y)) | ; 并行赋值： (lexical-let ((x 3) (y 4)) (+ x y)) (lexical-let* ((x 3) (y (* x x))) (+ x y)) 全局变量 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#global-var-note) (defparameter *x* 3) ; 如果已设置则不变： (defvar *x* 3) | (define x 3) ; y 不是全局的： (define (double z) (define y 2) (* y z)) | (def x 3) (set 'x 3) | (setq x 3) 移除变量 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#rm-var-note) (makunbound 'x) | (namespace-undefine-variable! 'x) | (ns-unmap *ns* 'x) | (makunbound 'x) 空值 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#null-note) nil '() null '() | ; 与 Java 中的 null 值相同： nil | nil '() | null 空值测试 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#null-test-note) (null x) | (null? x) | (nil? x) | (null x) 标识符作为值 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#id-as-val-note) 'x (quote x) | 'x (quote x) | 'x (quote x) | 'x (quote x) 标识符测试 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#id-test-note) (symbolp 'x) | (symbol? 'x) | (symbol? 'x) | (symbolp 'x) 标识符相等性测试 (eq 'x 'x) | (eq? 'x 'x) | (= 'x 'x) | (eq 'x 'x) 非引用标识符 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#non-referential-id-note) :foo | #:foo | :foo | :foo 标识符属性 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#id-attr-note) *设置、获取、移除* (set 'x 13) (setf (get 'x :desc) "unlucky") (get 'x :desc) (remprop 'x :desc) | *无* | ; 值必须是 clojure.lang.IObj 的实例： (def x (with-meta [13] {:desc "unlucky"})) (get (meta x) :desc) | ; 无 | (set 'x 13) (setf (get 'x :desc) "unlucky") (get 'x :desc) (remprop 'x :desc) 算术与逻辑 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#arithmetic-logic-note) common lisp | racket | clojure | emacs lisp 真与假 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#true-false-note) t nil | #t #f | true false | true false | t nil 假值 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#falsehoods-note) nil () | #f | false | nil | false nil | nil () 逻辑运算符 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#logical-op-note) (or (not t) (and t nil)) | (or (not #t) (and #t #f)) | (or (not true) (and true false)) | (or (not t) (and t nil)) 关系运算符 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#relational-op-note) = /= < > <= >= | = < > <= >= | = | not= < > <= >= | = /= < > <= >= 最小值与最大值 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#min-max-note) (min 1 2 3) (max 1 2 3) | (min 1 2 3) (max 1 2 3) | (min 1 2 3) (max 1 2 3) | (min 1 2 3) (max 1 2 3) 数值谓词 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#num-predicates-note) numberp integerp rationalp floatp realp complexp | number? integer? rational? inexact? real? complex? | number? integer? rational? float? *无* | *无* | numberp integerp *无* floatp *无* *无* 算术运算符 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#arith-op-note) + - * / mod | + - * / modulo | + - * / mod | + - * / % 整数除法 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#int-div-note) *以及余数* (truncate 7 3) (rem 7 3) | (quotient 7 3) (remainder 7 3) | (quot 7 3) (rem 7 3) | (/ 7 3) (% 7 3) 整数除以零 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#int-div-zero-note) division-by-zero *错误* | division by zero *错误* | arith-error | *错误* 浮点数除法 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#float-div-note) *有理数：* (/ 7 3) | *浮点数：* (/ 7 (* 3 1.0)) | *有理数：* (/ 7 3) | *浮点数：* (/ 7 (float 3)) | *有理数：* (/ 7 3) | *浮点数：* (/ 7 (* 3 1.0)) | *整数商：* (/ 7 3) | *浮点数：* (/ 7 (* 3 1.0)) 浮点数除以零 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#float-div-zero-note) division-by-zero *错误* | -1.0e+INF, -0.0e+NaN, *或* 1.0e+INF | *错误* 幂 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#power-note) (expt 2 32) | (expt 2 32) | *返回浮点数：* (Math/pow 2 32) | (expt 2 32) 平方根 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#sqrt-note) (sqrt 2) | (sqrt 2) | (Math/sqrt 2) | (sqrt 2) 平方根 -1 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#sqrt-negative-one) #c(0.0 1.0) | 0+1i | *(Math/sqrt -1)：* NaN -0.0e+NaN | *错误* 超越函数 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#transcendental-func-note) exp log sin cos tan asin acos atan atan | exp log sin cos tan asin acos atan atan | Math/exp Math/log Math/sin Math/cos Math/tan Math/asin Math/acos Math/atan Math/atan2 | exp log sin cos tan asin acos atan atan 浮点数截断 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#float-truncation-note) *返回两个值，第一个是整数：* truncate round ceiling floor | *返回浮点数：* truncate round ceiling floor | *返回整数：* int Math/round | *返回浮点数：* Math/ceil Math/floor | truncate round ceiling floor fround fceiling ffloor truncate | *返回整数* 绝对值 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#abs-val-note) *以及符号函数* abs signum | abs *racket：* sgn | Math/abs Math/signum | abs signum 整数溢出 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#int-overflow-note) *无；任意精度整数* | *无；任意精度整数* | clojure.lang.Numbers.throwIntOverflow *异常* | *错误* 浮点数溢出 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#float-overflow-note) floating-point-overflow *错误* | *不是字面量：* -Infity NaN Infinity | *错误* 有理数构造 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#rational-construction-note) (/ 3 7)；字面量：3/7 | (/ 3 7)；字面量：3/7；也是有理数：2.718 (exp 1) | (/ 3 7)；字面量：3/7 | *无* 有理数分解 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#rational-decomposition-note) (numerator 3/7) (denominator 3/7) | (numerator 3/7) (denominator 3/7) | (numerator 3/7) (denominator 3/7) | *无* *无* 复数构造 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#complex-construction-note) #c(1 2) | 1+2i (+ 1 +2i) | *无* *无* | *无* 复数分解 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#complex-decomposition-note) (realpart #c(1 2)) (imagpart #c(1 2)) (phase #c(1 2)) (abs #c(1 2)) (conjugate #c(1 2)) | (real-part 1+2i) (imag-part 1+2i) (angle 1+2i) (magnitude 1+2i) (conjugate 1+2i) | *无* *无* *无* *无* | *无* 随机数 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#random-num-note) *均匀整数，均匀浮点数，正态浮点数* (random 100) (random 1.0) *无* | (random 100) (random) *无* | (def rnd (java.util.Random.)) (.nextInt rnd 100) (.nextFloat rnd) (.nextGaussian rnd) | (random 100) *无* *无* 随机数种子 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#random-seed-note) (setq *random-state* (sb-ext:seed-random-state 17)) | (random-seed 17) | *无* | *无* 位运算符 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#bit-op-note) ash *左移当第二个参数为正时* logand logior logxor lognot | arithmetic-shift *左移当第二个参数为正时* bitwise-and bitwise-ior bitwise-xor bitwise-not | bit-shift-left bit-shift-right bit-and bit-or bit-xor bit-not | lsh *左移当第二个参数为正时* logand logior logxor lognot 二进制、八进制和十六进制字面量 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#binary-octal-hex-literals-note) #b101010 #o52 #x2a | #b101010 #o52 #x2a | *无* | *无* 基数 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#radix-note) (format nil "~7r" 42) | *无* | *无* | *无* 字符串 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#strings-note) common lisp | racket | clojure | emacs lisp 字符串测试 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#str-test-note) (stringp "foo") | (string? "foo") | (string? "foo") | (stringp "foo") 字符串字面量 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#str-litera-notel) "foo bar" | "foo bar" | "foo bar" | "foo bar" 字面量中的换行 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#newline-in-str-literal-note) *是* | *是* | *是* | *是* 字面量转义 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#str-literal-esc-note) \" \\ \t \n \r \u*hhhh* \b \t \n \f \r | \" \\ \t \n \r \u*hhhh* \b \t \n \f \r | \" \\ \t \n \r \u*hhhh* \x*h* \x*hhhhhh* \C-*x* \M-*x* | ?a ?\b ?\t ?\n ?\f ?\r ?\" ?\\ ?\*ooo* ?\u*hhhh* ?\x*h* ?\x*hhhhhh* ?\C-*x* ?\M-*x* 构造函数 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#str-ctor-note) (string #\f #\o #\o) | (string ?f ?o ?o) | *无* | *无* 格式化字符串 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#fmt-str-note) (format nil "~a: ~a ~,2f" "Foo" 7 13.457) | (format "~a ~a ~a" "Foo" 7 13.457) | (String/format "%s: %d %.2f" (to-array ["Foo" 7 13.457])) | (format "%s: %d %.2f" "Foo" 7 13.457) 格式说明符 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#fmt-specifiers-note) ~a 任何类型，人类可读 ~s 任何时间，读取可解析 ~% 换行符 ~~ 波浪号 ~c 字符 ~,5f 小数点右5位 ~d 十进制 ~x 十六进制 ~o 八进制 ~b 二进制 | ~a 任何类型，人类可读 ~s 任何时间，读取可解析 ~% 换行符 ~~ 波浪号 ~c 字符 ~d 十进制 ~x 十六进制 ~o 八进制 ~b 二进制 | *无* | *无* 比较字符串 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#compare-str-note) (string= "foo" "bar") (string< "foo" "bar") | (string=? "foo" "bar") (string<? "foo" "bar") | (= "foo" "bar") (.equals "foo" "bar") | (string= "foo" "bar") (string< "foo" "bar") 连接字符串 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#str-concat-note) (concatenate 'string "Value: " (write-to-string 8)) | (string-append "Value: " (number->string 8)) | (str "Value: " 8) | (concat "value: " (number-to-string 8)) 字符串转数字 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#str-to-num-note) (+ 7 (parse-integer "12")) (+ 73.9 (read-from-string ".037")) | (+ 7 (string->number "12")) (+ 73.9 (string->number ".037")) | (+ 7 (Integer/parseInt "12")) (+ 73.9 (Float/parseFloat ".037")) | (+ 7 (string-to-number "12")) (+ 73.9 (string-to-number ".037")) 分割 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#split-note) (cl-ppcre:split "[ \\t\\n]+" "foo bar baz") | (regexp-split #rx"[ \\n\\t]+" "foo bar baz") | (seq (.split "foo bar baz" "[ \\t\\n]+")) | (split-string "foo bar baz") 字符串连接 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#str-join-note) (reduce (lambda (m o) (concatenate 'string m " " o)) '("foo" "bar" "baz")) | (string-join '("foo" "bar" "baz") " ") | (reduce #(str %1 " " %2) '("foo" "bar" "baz")) | (reduce (lambda (m o) (concat m " " o)) '("foo" "bar" "baz")) 长度 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#str-len-note) (length "foo") | (string-length "foo") | (.length "foo") | (length "foo") 子串索引 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#index-substr-note) (search "bar" "foo bar") | *racket：* (require srfi/13/string) (string-contains "foo bar" "bar") | (.indexOf "foo bar" "bar") | (search "bar" "foo bar") 提取子串 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#extract-substr-note) (subseq "foo bar" 4 7) | (substring "foo bar" 4 7) | (.substring "foo bar" 4 7) | (substring "foo bar" 4 7) 字符字面量 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#char-literal-note) #\a #\space #\newline #\backspace #\tab #\linefeed #\page #\return #\rubout | #\a #\space #\newline #\backspace #\tab #\linefeed #\page #\return #\nul #\vtab #\alarm #\esc #\delete | *不在 racket 中：* #\alarm #\esc #\delete | \\a \\newline \\space \\backspace \\tab *?* \\formfeed \\return *?* | ?a ?\b ?\t ?\n ?\f ?\r ?\" ?\\ ?\*ooo* ?\u*hhhh* ?\x*h* ?\x*hhhhhh* ?\C-*x* ?\M-*x* 测试字符 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#char-test-note) (characterp #\x) (alpha-char-p #\x) (alphanumericp #\x) (digit-char-p #\7) (lower-case-p #\x) (upper-case-p #\X) | (char? #\x) | (char? \\x) | (characterp ?x) Chr 和 Ord (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#chr-ord-note) (code-char 97) (char-code #\a) | (integer->char 97) (char->integer #\a) | (char 97) (int \\a) | *无* 转为字符数组 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#str-to-char-array-note) ; 列表： (string->list "foo") | *无* | *无* | *无* 查找字符 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#lookup-char-note) (char "foo" 0) | (string-ref "foo" 0) | (.charAt "foo" 0) | (aref "foo" 0) 正则表达式 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#regexes-note) common lisp | racket | clojure | emacs lisp 字面量 (https://hyperpolyglot.org/lisp#regex-literal-note) *使用字符串：* "\\b\\d\{5\}\\b" | *posix 扩展：* #rx"^[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]