Unified Neural Scaling Laws

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Summary

Presents a unified neural scaling law that accurately models deep neural network scaling across multiple dimensions including parameters, dataset size, training steps, and compute, validated across diverse architectures and tasks.

We present a functional form (that we refer to as a Unified Neural Scaling Law (UNSL)) that accurately models and extrapolates the scaling behaviors of deep neural networks as multiple dimensions all vary simultaneously (i.e. how the evaluation metric of interest varies as one simultaneously varies the number of model parameters, training dataset size, number of training steps, number of inference steps, amount of compute, and various hyperparameters) for various architectures and for each of various tasks within a varied set of upstream and downstream tasks. This set includes large-scale vision, language, math, and reinforcement learning. When compared to other functional forms for neural scaling, this functional form yields extrapolations of scaling behavior that are considerably more accurate on this set.
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Source: https://huggingface.co/papers/2605.26248

Abstract

A Unified Neural Scaling Law is presented that accurately models and extrapolates deep neural network scaling behaviors across multiple simultaneous dimensions including parameters, dataset size, training steps, and compute across diverse architectures and tasks.

We present a functional form (that we refer to as aUnified Neural Scaling Law(UNSL)) that accurately models and extrapolates thescaling behaviorsofdeep neural networksas multiple dimensions all vary simultaneously (i.e. how the evaluation metric of interest varies as one simultaneously varies the number ofmodel parameters,training dataset size, number oftraining steps, number ofinference steps, amount ofcompute, and varioushyperparameters) for variousarchitecturesand for each of various tasks within a varied set of upstream anddownstream tasks. This set includes large-scalevision,language,math, andreinforcement learning. When compared to other functional forms for neural scaling, this functional form yields extrapolations of scaling behavior that are considerably more accurate on this set.

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