My secrets of optimizing health & performance (and intellectual curiosity): https://t.co/0BrhRDFDoM

@rabois: My secrets of optimizing health & performance (and intellectual curiosity):

Channel: @rabois Source: https://youtu.be/-zripXb3QRE?is=FbcAntAVol6hsRSY

Transcript

People who had the most stress in their life live the longest. [music] The more stress you embrace, the better you perform. If you only have one signal about a human and you want to project how long they’re going to live, it’s your V2 max that you want to know and improve every day. Infallibly, I have at least 10 [music] g of creatine. I do red light therapy. I do cryotherapy every day.

You read the encyclopedia from cover to cover. Well, the president of the United States has time to read an hour a day. I have time to read an hour a day. One of my heroes growing up was Margaret Thatcher. She says, “I could assess any minister in like 30 seconds. If she can do it, why can’t I?” Keith, welcome to the show. I’m excited to be here. You have been dubbed as having one of the most strategic minds in venture capital today. And I think about this a lot that some of the most successful people in the world in the tech and investing space consider themselves elite athletes. So, let’s let’s flip the script this script right now and talk a bit more about longevity. I want to know about how Keith treats himself as an athlete. So, you’ve been following me, which I’m so happy about on X for quite a while. I think you actually found me back in like 2021 when I was like prolifically tweeting about sleep and maybe I probably favored a bunch of your tweets. Yeah. Maybe like who is this girl? And I when I found out you followed me, who’s this random guy favorite tweets and I loved that which which showed me that you were, hey, you were one of the few people who were treating their brain like an athlete. So, you were sleeping well. Now Elon doesn’t sleep. He’s he’s not really into sleep. And then I do see other successful entrepreneurs and investors who are treating their bodies like athletes. So I want to completely dissect you right now from the head to the toe and let’s talk about blood work. For example, you’re um you’ve gone off and done a whole range of longevity workshops. Yeah. Yeah, I try to find people who are at the edge, the cutting edge of research but very credible. Y and you know see what I can learn and it’s intellectual curiosity applied to basically your body and brain and life life. Um so I I follow people on Twitter. I read their stuff. I read studies and then if I find someone who has a program that I can participate in, I’m likely to opt into it. The benefit you know of having some schedule flexibility and some resources like money is you can opt into doing some of these programs. So for example on the purely sports side but it involves recovery more than actually training. In 2010 I started doing this training program with a a firm called Exos where basically anybody in the N anybody wants to play in the NFL trains there. Lots of World Cups uh winning soccer teams including the Germans train there. And I started doing this sort of for fun, mostly to learn um about how do elite athletes train and how do they recover and what do what’s the like the latest sort of research and techniques and then I started bringing friends along actually. Uh so now I I did the first trip myself for a week and just read you know in between sessions and then I started bringing friends and made it like a group experience. So I’ve been going back you know for like 15 plus years. So, I learned, you know, some techniques about training, like literally training. Also, I had some fun, like I remember there’s a funny anecdote when I was trying to do these drills and Colin Kaepernick was laughing at me because I wasn’t doing them. I was not performing them that well. Well, 2010, I’m guessing you weren’t doing, were you doing V2 max testing back then? Um, they did do they did old school V2 maxing. Um, they didn’t know, you know, it was more for athletic purposes than now. You know, one of the things I’ve learned in the last two years and really started to appreciate is how if you only have probably only have one signal about a human and you want to project how long they’re going to live, it’s your V2 max that you want to know and improve. And so, but back then when we started doing the V2 max, it was more for improving performance, let’s say, on a soccer field or basketball court than it was for life. Now, it’s more about health. So, I’m obsessed. I have all my friend like I ask all my friends like, “What’s your V2 max?” I ask founders, “What’s their V2 max?” And if and if I don’t think the answer is like age appropriate, I’ll be like, “You need to change this.” I’ve been having this dialogue with one of my partners at KV. You’ve got your your graph memorized. Yeah, I’ve got the graph, but it is amazing. And I I I highly recommend anybody at least get it tested once a year. I think once you get it tested and have a real baseline, you can use things like your Apple Watch or whatever. They’re not super accurate, but they’ll give you a relative feel if you’re improving or regressing. But you need to get the canonical test done, which unfortunately mostly like a treadmill withask unpleasant unpleasant mask. Um but it’s incredibly accurate at predicting how long you’re going to live for high performance people that have goals in life that they want to achieve in a competitive field. You’re talking about performance. So it’s like neg performance optimization versus illness and they almost like they drew a spectrum yeah distribution. Performance optimization is like one tail and then when you’re sick and unfortunately if you’re very ill, you’re on the other tail. And so the medical profession is great at dealing with this tail and almost nobody in the medical profession is really expert at how do you optimize your performance. Eventually I think those will get synced together. That’s why I wind up going to almost two different like uh like professions actually and then unfortunately they’ll share some blood tests but they usually want their own panels too but the thing is anyone can take your blood right anyone can a phabotamist takes your blood right uh it takes a very specialized person to be able to interpret it and when you’re looking at this a a a very good person is going to look at your blood work and base it on two things trends and ratios based on your age sex and and end goals. You and I right now are optimizing for something completely different. No, that is very true. So the trends fortunately I started uh working with like a concierge doctor in 2003. Yeah. So I have you know 20 plus years now of trends which is very helpful especially when something goes wrong by the way um it’s easy to isolate like what what is unique to me as a person versus like no there’s some very aberant behav you know behavior circumstances here um on the performance side I I think you really do because the reference ranges are all wrong. So this is where you need to go to a performance like specialist is anything that looks like a normal result is almost surely not the right answer if you’re trying to optimize certain things. So every reference range will come back like fine fine fine fine fine and a a really good performance someone like someone like Dr. Galbin will be like I don’t care where the performance range is you need to be like 20x better over here like V2 we can even talk about this way you do not want to be in the middle of the current bell curve for V2 max. What’s your what’s your V2 max? It’s probably 60, which for my age is actually pretty good. That is phenomenal. That’s in more than the elite group. I don’t It’s probably It’s probably even a little higher because actually, like many people, I hate the test. Yeah. And so I kind of give up a little early knowing I have a little bit more bandwidth, but I know I’m already like passed whatever threshold they want [laughter] me at. Did you wear that? I was like a kid like that in school. Like when I was young, I have this problem. If you give me a goal, once I hit the goal, I get a little lazy. So, like when I’d get an A on a test, I would just turn it in and like just want to be done with it versus trying to get a better grade. Yeah, it’s um No, though I don’t wish that test upon anyone. However, if you do do it once a year, it’s phenomenal. If you do it once a year, it’s great. And and the reality is you can probably get a pretty good proxy in about six minutes. But also, it takes about eight months of pure real training to change that to change it. Yeah, there’s so here’s the debate is what are the best ways to train it because depending upon this is where it gets interesting is depending on what your baseline is. So if you’re out of shape, you can make massive gains really fast. You know, go to Barry’s boot camp class, you know, do sprints outside your house or something and you’ll see gains. Now, the issue for a lot of my friends is their results are mediocre, but they’re actually training a fair amount. That takes like a very thoughtful, calibrated approach. um you know, if you’re ready like a proficient runner, if you’re ready, play sports and you be able to max this load, that that actually is a signal that you might actually have like real health issues, too. So, actually, I’ve had this happen twice in close friends of mine where either their V2 max was off or the resting heart rate was off, but they were young and in pretty good shape. And when they when they showed me their data, I was like, “You need to talk to a real doctor like right now.” Yeah. And it turns out probably both of them actually had substantive issues that would not have been caught by any standard medical test for a 30-year-old. You’re not wearing an Aura ring. I don’t wear Aura. I I I wear this infallibly. Like I actually have I have this other quirk that if I don’t wear my watch and I do a workout, I have this mental block that the workout doesn’t count. Yeah. So, I’m the same. I wear a garment and a heart rate monitor that and if I don’t wear that I go absolutely crazy psychological like once a year something happens and like my battery dies and I have to do a workout before I can find a way to recharge it and it drives me insane for like 24 hours only because I don’t know what my heart rate is and I’ve just been doing this for the past 10 20 years. I just like to track year-to-year progress and stuff like that. And so if I’m not wearing it, it messes up my ability to see whether I’m improving, whether I’m dialing in different zone things or I want more a different type of workout. Like I have changed, you know, some of my goals and edit that. But yeah, this is this is with me once I wake up. I don’t wear it at night. Actually, I use the H sleep track. Yeah. But once I wake up until when I go to bed, this is definitely on me. And anytime I go to the gym, do anything athletic, even if I’m like dancing, I probably have it on and it picks up as a workout. Yes, it does. I want to close that loop. I asked you if you’re taking any more supplements other than creatine. Most of the supplements I take actually would probably surprise you how vanilla they are. Like it’s omega-3, you know, it’s like multi standard multivitamin. I do take NAD plus supplementation, which we could talk about. Very almost nothing I take is what I would call exotic. the closest to exotic and uh would be two things. Uh Tally Health um that is you know a product produced by David Sinclair y has a couple of different versions of supplements. I do take some of his stuff um and I have a couple little quirky things that uh Dr. Galpin added to my regimen but they’re pretty boring actually. Honestly, this is not I don’t take like peptides or anything like I don’t do anything that would seem unusual. I take green tea which is there’s a lot of good evidence actually benefits of green tea omega3 like this stuff is very omega3 is part of my top tier and whey protein I take vitamin D when I was living mostly in Miami it was easier to get vitamin D naturally New York it’s a little harder and more difficult but I take vitamin D supplementation I’ve got pretty convinced that turmeric is magic uh cinnamon and tumeric but again they’re pretty vanilla um turmeric I actually did injure my back once a few years ago And um I had the benefit of seeing two very very good specialists, one in SF and one in New York. And the New York one convinced me that rather than do all these crazy things, I should just take tumeric. And so I’ve been addicted tumeric since. Yeah. I think for that the mechanism of action is in curcumin and the substance in that. So what that does is it’s able to block this inflammatory biomarker called NFCappa B. We don’t have to go into that, but it’s it is wonderful from a clinical perspective. I do want to um argue the we don’t have to go into it, but we can argue the NAD if you Yeah. I’ve seen some recent research about that. It’s not it’s not effective. Yeah. So, I found it to be like potential upside, very little downside. I read all the studies about cancer. I understand them. It doesn’t cause cancer is the most important thing. That’s like [snorts] fake news. But if you had cancer, you would not want to take it. But that’s a different, you know, set of circumstance. You do a lot of things differently. I do do um non-sublin based stuff. I do red light therapy. Very addictive to that. I try to do it every day. I do cryotherapy. I try to do that every day. You’ve got red light panels at home. I have red light panels at home. Yeah. Me too. Um which is makes it easier. You know, like a lot of things in life, if you want to do it regularly, you want to make it so convenient that there’s no excuses. So, I have red light at home. I don’t have cryo at home. Fortunately, there’s cryo within walking distance, you know, at least in New York. And so, I try to do that almost every day, too. You are very interesting. You’re treating yourself like an athlete and yet you are one of the best investors of our time. So, on that, okay, predicting how long you’re going to live is one thing. Yes. And it’s one of the strongest predictors of both health span and lifespan. So, for example, one of the arguments uh Dr. Galpin made to me, those of you who follow him on Twitter, was a certain percent improvement of your VI to max is more important or will have less effect or whatever than quitting smoking. Mhm. It’s like that’s the order of magnitude correct impact of shifting from like, you know, 20 or 50th percentile to top 10 or 25th percent. And so that’s pretty eye opening when you realize like how much time public education money has gone into anti-smoking crusades and campaigns which is you know been effective I think but fundamentally when someone’s like you know if you just improve your read 2x max by like five points it’s as impactful as not smoking your eyes like light up and then they show you the graphs that prove this it’s actually true. How does By the way I’ve never smoked so [laughter] me either. How does increasing and optimizing your V2 max make you a better investor? So, here’s where it gets a little bit complicated. I can take it at a high level and then try to build it up bottom up. One of the things that’s challenging about being a VC as you get older is many things about being a VC do not age gracefully. Building companies is kind of a young person’s game in many ways. You can debate exactly how young. It’s a little bit like professional sports. and staying relevant as decades go by, technologies change, founders, you know, grew up in different generations using different technologies, different techniques, different cultural norms. Even staying relevant is really difficult. So, I think one way you do that is you just keep your body and brain to be very young, very intellectually curious, very sharp. I actually I have some fun now. I get to occasionally spend time with professional athletes who’ve a who’ve been able to perform at a high level at you know more like an advanced age like 40 or like DJs is a good example where DJ being a professional DJ at the high end of the profession it’s typically a very young person’s game for lots of reasons but there’s a few Tiasto is basically my age Arman Vernan’s basically my age and so when I get to meet up with them I’m more trying I’m more curious not about their music, but about how they stay at the top of their game at roughly my age. Because if they can do it against the up and cominging 21-year-old DJ, then I should be able to do it, you know, against the up and cominging VC and stay relevant to the up andcoming founder. Yeah. Is there something that you’ve noticed against all of these athletes, entrepreneurs who are nearing the 40 zone in age and something that they do differently that others don’t? You know, the funny thing is 80% of this stuff is basic common sense. Yeah. They optimize their sleep. It’s like they take their sleep seriously. They try to avoid alcohol. Like some of the people I named completely off alcohol, but it’s like sleep and alcohol or just like inversely correlated in many ways. Quality of sleep, depth of sleep, all that stuff. That stuff is fundamental. Like I saw Brian Johnson’s on this crusade where it’s he’s right. You know, 80% of what you can do Yeah. is like get high quality sleep consistently and then yes you can tune other things but the fundamentals trump a lot of the advanced stuff so just start so like back in the day one of the first investments I made when I became a VC was eight sleep it was intuitively obvious to me what year was that uh 2013 okay it was intuitively obvious to me that the best way to improve people’s life health professional performance was better sleep. And in 2013, was there any product on the market that would improve your sleep? Blackout shades, you know, air conditioning, but not really. And then I met these founders and they talked about how if they showed me studies that if you lowered the core, your core body temperature, you induce more deep sleep. I was like, perfect. Now you have to build a product that does that. But connecting the dots seemed easy. Interestingly enough, the way I met the founders is kind of an interesting story. So, I had a friend that um was a tech successful tech person in the Bay Area [snorts] and he was terrible with his sleep. He was very smart and very successful, but he would like not sleep, go out all night, like whatever, but I would always be yelling at him, admonishing him that he has to sleep more and stop going out and stop doing these crazy things. Anyway, about eight years go by and he emails me and said, “I found the perfect company [laughter] for you. It’s about improving your sleep.” And so it was all because I’d been admonishing him while we were working out about his need to sleep that he remembered me. And then as soon as I found it and they showed me the study, I was like great, we can connect the talks, connect the dots and productize it and that became eight sleep. So I led the seed round and then led the A for that company. You know, I proitize about all the time. I probably purchased more than many like every every place I stay has an eight sleep. Like I go stir crazy if I have to travel and can’t get my hands on an eight sleep. Um, it is really effective. Yeah, eight was my very very first sponsor back in 2021. They’re really good. [laughter] They are. They obviously have taste. They believed in me and I believed in them. I’m up to the pod five now. So, I love my eight sleeps. Yeah. I I want to stay on this because one of the best things you can do for your brain and to become, you know, cognitively acute and be able to make the best decisions is resistance training. And I’m guessing you’re doing that. Like, well, let’s put this way. There’s things that clearly have some potential upside and that have no downside. So, sleeping better, all upside, hard to measure exactly how much it improves things, how much it expands your lifespan, but it clearly has no downside and and the lack of sleep definitely has significant downsides that are very empirical in to validate. Same thing is a little bit like creatine. I started taking creatine three years ago. There’s clear evidence that it improves cognitive function. I used to resist it for like aesthetic goals for a variety of reasons we can talk about. I got comfortable that that that was no longer a major concern. But as soon as I started reading the cognitive research every day infallibly I have at least 10 grams of creatine at least. Some of the research on the cognitive stuff is actually maybe you should be even pushing the dose of that up. Um but right now I’m on the 10 to 15 grams program. Why are you taking between 10 to 15? When do you take 15? Well, so for aesthetic purposes, five grams is probably the right amount. But if you look at the cognitive studies, you could argue it’s 20 to 25, but that feels like a lot. Yeah. Um because there is processing with your liver and stuff, and I don’t think you want to push the envelope there. But the cognitive studies are very compelling. Now, there’s like 3 to 5 years worth of them. You know, this was three or four years ago. There’s only one or two, I think. So, it was like it’s pretty novel, but I’m completely convinced that it’s a good idea for almost anybody to be on creatine. Yeah. Do you feel the difference? I actually don’t. Although I do. There are some research studies about if you have poor sleep. Yeah. That if you take 15 grams, you can suppress some of the symptoms for at least that day. It’s not a good idea to rely upon creatine to avoid sleep. But on, you know, like anybody, I have days I don’t sleep perfectly. I wake up in the middle of the night. have to travel across time zones on those days. I will take another incremental five grams. And I do think it has some impact. It does. It does. Uh there was a recent study um within the last year that showed that you can offset some of these symptoms of sleep deprivation if you have around 15 grams of creatine. likely if you go and do a bout of highintensity exercise after sleep deprivation which consists of around 6 hours I would say then you can also offset the well so I do that too again I I’m going to do the highintensity exercise anyway but if I have had poor sleep the first thing I will do is go right to the most highintensity exercise I can tolerate um the first eight minutes is usually very painful mentally and physically if you can get past that endorphins, adrenaline kick in and you know the rest of the class or whatever is easy, but it does have an adrenaline sort of power refresh, you know, sensation that does avoid or mitigate some of the effects of poor sleep. What are the other supplements that you’re taking? Because we mentioned earlier offline that you did a whole range of biomarkers. So, you’ve tested your blood aggressively. I’m guessing you’ve done around 22 vials of blood. Yeah. It’s not particularly fun. No, you almost [laughter] you almost pass out. But if you can get a thousand biomarkers tested and then optimize from that, I kind of split into two worlds. So I do this with like my physician and medical team and they’re looking for mostly different things than like someone like Dr. Galpin would. There’s some overlap. So I do both. One thing I’ve noticed is that the men that I work with are incredibly intentional about what they eat. They know about their protein, their creatine, their supplements, but very few of them know about what they’re putting on their bodies every single day. And this is why I’ve started recommending Based Body Works. Now, it’s not for me, but it’s a men’s grooming company built around clean plant-based formulations without sulfates, parabens, or endocrine disrupting chemicals. But the products still perform exactly the way you expect it. I always tell my girlfriends who are trying to conceive to get their partners on this. So the endocrine disrupting chemicals in other products doesn’t disrupt their conception process. You know, I tell them just switching from your shampoo or your body wash is one of the easiest upgrades that you can make. So if you want to get some of this, then use code neuro for 20% off at basedbodyworks.com. Rather than taking the approach of how do you take a company to exit, I want to know about the brain behind these strategic decisions. I remember a story that your mom tells a lot which is that at the age of four you read the encyclopedia from cover to cover and that is very interesting to me. So tell me have you always been intellectually curious? Well I guess you know I started at four reading the world book encyclopedia cover to cover. I don’t think it’s changed much since then. It’s probably a good predictor of who’d be a good venture capitalist because basically the job is to learn new things every hour every day. I I like to joke that venture capital is the only job where you get paid to learn new things. Journalists are supposed to learn new things, but they don’t get paid. But we actually get paid for learning new things. So, um I’ve always been that way. You have to be a little bit ADD, too. Like intellectually curious is the more pleasant way to say it. ADD is a little bit more reality, too. Yeah. I think when I hear this story, it kind of reminds me of Elon. He did the same thing. He ran out of books. He read the encyclopedia, ran out of books in the library, and he was just hungry for more. And it makes me think that are all of the greatest minds in history and even if you read the Walter Isaacson Jobs Yep. autobiography, it says the same thing. Voracious readers, I’ I’ve noticed that it’s not the only signal that predicts success, but many if not most, if not virtually all of the most successful people in fields I’ve worked in, politics, law, tech, are voracious readers. Patrick Hollison’s a voracious reader. Um, and it as you probe into people’s history. You know, my parents incentivized it too. I grew up in like a middle-ass household and you know, we definitely had scarce resources. We couldn’t just spend money frivolously, but I had an infinite budget for books. As long as I read the book, I could buy as many books as I wanted. And so what did I do? Since I had limited budget for clothing and limited budget for other things, I substituted into reading and it worked magically. So I would just take a trip to the bookstore and then I’d go to the we fortunately had a library that was a public library. with two public libraries that were were pretty approximate and very nice. And so I would show up at the public library and probably check out 40 books. Yeah. And then actually read them all and then go back a week later and get a new 20. And it became like addictive to you. And that’s what Oh yeah. I love to read um I started you know maybe interestingly enough I didn’t start with non-fiction. I actually started with fiction for the most part. Uh I used to read these like con uh classic like spy novels like thrillers like Jean Lar and Frederick Forsight and later Tom Clancy and Robert Lelham and that made me a proficient reader. I enjoyed reading so I just read more and then over time read more and more non-fiction and substituted now to be 90% non-fiction actionable things that you know sort of are productive and that I can leverage versus fiction I rarely read. Now, I try to occasionally when I go book shopping find a new piece of fiction, but it’s I sort of have to force myself. It’s like eating your vegetables. It’s very fascinating to me that somebody like you with where you’re at right now in life and in business has even time to read. Well, you sort of force it. So, one of the books I read when I was growing up in high school or maybe junior high school was uh one of the books Richard Nixon authored, which is one of my favorite books of all time. It’s called Leaders. And it’s a profile of like the most important 10 people like that like different countries in his career. The two chapters though that are most fascinating are the introduction and the whatever epilogue or something. The introduction he talks about when he was in the White House as president of the United States. He forced himself to read an hour a day. And I just woke up and said, “Well, if the president of the United States has time to read an hour a day, I have time to read an hour a day. Period.” What’s your thoughts uh just on that subject? I saw not long ago a graph, I think it was around three months ago that was publicized that showed that a 100 million Americans don’t even meet a fifth grade level reading. And that’s because of AI. How do you feel about that? Well, it’s sad the the way if you learn I I have a simple philosophy in life. If you learn to read, write and per and basically perform math at a high level, you can do anything you want. like you have the raw ingredients to teach yourself to succeed and so I’m adamant about you must learn to read, must learn to write and must learn to do math period. Everything else is optional. Yeah, it’s interesting the math and the logic behind I think that we’re losing this now even just because of the advent of chat GPT and artificial intelligence. It’s so easily becoming uh something of the past. You know, I was a mathematician before I got into this and I remember being able to do sign cosine just with my hands and now I’m working out 20% of a check after dinner and so it’s quite scary to see that kids are going through this life not knowing how to do basic arithmetic. But on this level of reading, I was doing a lot of preparation for this podcast. One of the things that kept coming up, one of the themes about you was that you are able to form very high performing teams, being able to really look at people, restructure and look for uh intelligent outcomes in people. Do you think you got that? Was that a gut instinct? No. Unfortunately, you know, I I get asked this question a lot about how do you get better at this? Let’s say for founders, other investors, even politicians or hiring staff and people like that. And as far as I can tell, there isn’t any great book on this topic that’s very actionable. I’d say the best book is there’s a book called Who and it’s got some subtitle that’s pretty good, but it’s not awesome. And given how important this is, like building a team, hiring, assessing people. You would think that there should be some library somewhere of insights that you can read. And I have not found it. I’ve tried. I keep trying. Every time I go to the bookstore, I look for something. I scan books. I’ve read many. Nothing nothing that I find exciting, interesting, um, actionable, unfortunately. Maybe one day I’ll have to write it myself. But so, the way I’ve had to learn this is like many other skills in life, trial and error. It’s like a muscle. You kind of have to interview people, assess people, hire people, learn from your mistakes, and learn from your successes. what worked, what didn’t. You learn hacks and techniques um of shortcutting. Right now, I’m very proficient at like I can look at like a LinkedIn profile and immediately sort into yes, no, maybe. And just being able to sort that fast. The may take study, but the yeses and nos are pretty pretty quick. And so that allows you to move very rapidly. I also learned this another uh one of my heroes growing up was Margaret Thatcher and also in high school I read her uh let’s see I read her autobiography first her first auto first volume of her autobiography was amazing and I remember reading it and in there there’s a sentence where she says I could assess any minister in like 30 seconds. She might have said three minutes. It’s either 30 seconds, three minutes. And I was like, boom. That’s my goal is I need to be able to learn to assess people in three minutes or 30 seconds. And if she can do it, why can’t I? And so that was always the goal. I think I actually can do it now most of the time pretty damn well. And it’s very relevant and very useful as an early stage investor, but it took, you know, years to practice that craft, devise insights, edit the insights. uh it’s still fraught with error like there there’s definitely a high variability there [clears throat] but being able to know when someone has very high potential very quickly is extremely valuable as a VC I mean I I love what you said about being able just to go onto LinkedIn and being able to specifically look at that what is it on LinkedIn I’ve never heard anyone say that so there’s several things one is like you’re looking for and you know some of this will be let’s say mundane and but it’s worth restating You know sometimes restating the obvious is useful and then there’s something that’s a little more subtle. So one is just simply like is there a trajectory of success like have you broadened yourself? Do you get increasingly asked to take on more difficult challenges? What kinds of challenges are you usually assigned or what do you gravitate to? There’s a lot of signal in there. A little bit more subtle is depending upon the pool of people that you were working with at various places on your LinkedIn profile. There are things about that pool that probably apply to you. So for example, let’s say, you know, in my generation, you worked at some prestigious highprofile investment bank, you probably have the capability for pretty high work ethic. Like young investment bankers, you know, in my era easily work 80 hours a week, easily. Um, and so if you thrived at Goldman Sachs plus or minus 20 years from like when I grew up, there’s no way that you don’t have the ability to work hard if you want to. Period. Just there’s no way you could have survived two years even as an associate there or like you know there’s places that are notorious for IQ. Like there’s just no way to get a role and succeed for years and get promoted without pretty high intellectual horsepower. So if you know something about the pool, the hardest thing about LinkedIn is when there’s some role and responsibilities that you don’t have any familiarity with. So I see a company I’ve never heard of. I don’t know how to uh sort of triangulate or normalize against that. But for companies that I’ve worked with, for companies I know, people I’ve worked at, companies, you know, that I understand their hiring process, it’s it’s fairly easy to detect a lot of things. And then what I do with that is when I do interview a candidate, I skip over the things that I already pretty confident that the candidate will be good at. So if I think you have strong work ethic, I won’t ask any questions about it. I’ll only ask questions about things that I’d be more concerned about. Like so I might I may be concerned about creativity. So they’ll just probe on that. So it makes the interview that scarce time that 20 minutes, 40 minutes, 60 minutes, two hours, whatever it is, be highly productive, high leverage because I’m only trying to learn things that I can’t learn from paper. Do you remember the day that you met the founder of Door Dash? Oh, of course. And how did you look at him and think this is the one? Well, so he was an intern at Square, so it was actually pretty easy. Um, so I had a lot of experience. I remember the day when I first met him when um there was a VPA named Alyssa at Square who wanted to hire him uh as an intern and I had never approved a business intern before. I only believed really in design interns and engineering interns and so she knew I’d be somewhat critical of the idea. So she’s like you need to meet this guy and his profile was actually even back then pretty interesting while he was so first of all he did really well in math at Berkeley like 4.0 0 which Berkeley back then did not have great inflation and certainly not a math. So that was impressive. Secondly, he had um while he was working managed to navigate an internship at a V internship or maybe even a high a more formal title I think maybe associate at a pretty good VC fund. Those are not easy roles to get your hands on. And then he had worked with Alyssa at eBay PayPal. So I remember meeting him in the conference room. I remember exactly what conference room we were in. Um and he basically talked me into the role, but then by the time he was leaving to start a company, um he went to GSB. I tried to convince him not leave to go to business school, he didn’t listen. But when he finally found, you know, what he wanted to do, he used the time at GSB to network actually with CS grads and CS students. So he had co-founders, which he actually wound up working with two that he met who were undergrad CS students. And then by the time they had an idea, specific idea, he came by my office and I was pretty sure I wanted to invest. But that was easy because of the prior like history. The hard assessing. So actually this is a good point. I found the first thing to learn and get really proficient at is assessing people you know well. Yes. People you’ve worked with, people you’ve grown up with, people you went to school with. Lots of data points. The most difficult thing about assessing is random stranger acts where you have no context other than maybe a LinkedIn profile and you meet them for the first time and you have to make a judgment call. Should I hire this person? Should I fund this person? That’s a, you know, an order of magnitude more difficult than assessing people you worked with. I actually sort of point out, you know, to my colleagues all the time that anybody who I worked with, I need to make that call as a VC 90% 99% correctly. Like there’s no excuse for being wrong about that because I have enough data points that I just need to be able to draw the line of this person’s potential and, you know, really shoot myself if I’m wrong. random strangers. If you’re really good at early stage investing, if you get those calls right 30, 40, 50% of the time, that’s like hall of fame level because you just have so few data points. You geomet um geometric point, you can draw an one data point, you can draw an infinite number of lines through. You have two data points, there’s only one line you can draw. Yeah. It’s interesting because you you said that in the earliest days of PayPal there was about three to 400 of the best tech employees in the world and there was only about 17 barrels. Barrels. Yeah. What’s a barrel? So a barrel is a person who can basically take an idea at a pretty conceptual level and just make it happen. Yeah. Sounds simple, but very few people can actually do that. Zero to exit. Yeah. Uh there’s a better there’s an old school expression that maybe is more compelling um and more intuitive called fire and forget. You just aim someone at some direction and then you just don’t have to think about it. They’re going to make it happen. And if they can’t make it happen, they will come back to you for feedback along the way in a timely manner where you can help. You can inject yourself before it’s too late. As time gets closer to deadlines, the options and the ability to intervene successfully really radically reduce. I used to draw this graph of like as t gets close to zero, your options like compress fairly substantially. So those people are very scarce, very rare and indispensable to building a company. Has there ever been a in your perspective a time where you thought you had failed, you made the wrong decision? No, I mean you if you’re ambitious, you’re always like trying to be better. So it’s not even a failure thing. It’s just like you want to be better. Like in investing is actually a rough business. Um you’re not you’re only really as good as your last investment. Like it doesn’t building a company is interesting. You create momentum and for a while you have these accumulating advantages. So once you get the right company rolling with the right product market team, you you have a lot of momentum for a long time. Investing, you have to go back to the drawing board at least every year. It’s kind of like a sports team. You win the Super Bowl this year, that’s great. You wake up next year, your record’s zero and zero again. And so if you’re ambitious and you want to be successful in investing, you’re always on edge. And because of these dynamics, which we don’t have to talk about in this podcast, but there are a lot of dynamics that make you worse as an investor as you get more experience, because of those dynamics, you have to fight uphill, I believe, and get better every year if you’re going to offset that. And so that’s what I’m trying to do. But then I do, you know, do things like high-intensity training, which do sharpen your brain. I try to read the highintensity training also has the benefits of health like whether it’s v2 max or other benefits you know there’s a lot there resting heart like the other signal I love you can debate this a little bit more is resting heart rate I personally like a two-minute recovery better but not everybody knows how to measure their two-minute recovery and you know even this isn’t perfectly accurate but uh resting heart rate is really easy to measure you know you anybody can learn to measure the resting heart rate and so I’m always optim optimizing that kind of stuff. Yeah. I think one of the biggest things that high-intensity training gives me is the ability to manage my emotions better. And I think that’s another proxy for success. Well, I like it. I also like it because it takes my mind. Like many successful people, my mind does um ruminate on topics a lot. And so there’s not that many things that take my mind off the topics. But if you do a highintensity workout, you don’t have the ability to think about your work stuff. So you get an hour where you can kind of take your brain off of all the other topics. And I think that is refreshing and useful. And so when you get out of the exercise, your brain is ready to fire. And I think that’s been productive. Like my my phone I don’t get distracted with my phone. Like my phone doesn’t come with me when I’m doing highintensity training. If I do a regular workout, I do sometimes like many people in the regular gym do take out my phone. Yeah. But you get me at a super high intensity workout. There’s no time. There’s no possibility checking my phone. And I think an hour or two not being near my phone is a very productive offsets the rest of my day. You said that um out of about seven years of exercise, you’ve probably only missed seven days. And even that has really upset you. Oh, it drives me crazy. Like so I measure this and post it every once a year. The benefit of having worn this is there’s various apps that synthesize the data and make it like more intuitive like UI wise. But anyway, so since 2000, at least 15, maybe before, I’ve measured, you know, every workout every day. And [snorts] in the last few years, actually the last two years, I haven’t missed any days, but over the last seven years, I missed seven, which is annoying. There’s one day coming up that I’m a little nervous about. Um I I know my schedule like in advance for the next six months, and I’m like, there’s one day it’s going to be really challenging to get my normal workout in. So, I got to I have to be creative. What is that day? Oh, well, I have some commitments in a weird location and it depends. It depends on what kind of gym I can find around there and whether there’s a run I can do. I’ll try to find it, but like I’m like nervous. But, uh, so yeah, I never miss those seven days like include things like one day I traveled across an international time zone and I couldn’t figure out what to do about that. Another day actually wouldn’t have happened, but I had incredible like flight issues and I had left more than enough time to fit in real workouts. But between the confluence of like two or three things going wrong, I wound up like basically sitting in an airplane all night and there was just no way around like the wedding was going to start by the time I got to the hotel. I barely had enough time to shower and put on tux. So that was very frustrating. It’s like things like that. And then there was one day I missed do this back injury. Literally when my doctor found out the first time when I when I talked to my regular doctor about it, my concier physician, he’s like, “This sounds like you’re going to have to be like pretty casual for about a month.” So when I talked to my specialist, I was like, “You have about 24 hours to fix me.” Yeah. And he did. You seem so maniacal about this, right? And which is which is great, right? So let me dive where this comes from. Yeah. Uh, one of my favorite expressions in life is called no days off. Hashtag no days off. It’s kind of like an expression that became popular for a while when the Buffalo uh, sorry, when the younger Patriots were winning a few Super Bowls and when they had their parade to celebrate, you know, whatever Super Bowl number acts it was in a row and Bill Bich on on the podium was like, well, the reason we won was because we took no days off. And so it became like a good mantra. Um, but if you like take a a step back, um, everybody talks about compounding habits. And I think basically I just treat my workouts fitness program as brushing my teeth. It’s like you don’t skip brushing your teeth. And if you do it every day, you’re just going to continue to do it every day. And what I’m afraid of actually is if I take one day off, then the next day I might take a day off. Like if you just don’t allow yourself to think of it as optional, it never becomes optional. And I’m terrified that if I take one day off, there’s always some reason why I should take a day off. Like, you know, I slightly aggravated my back this morning, I can in theory take off my afternoon workout or an evening workout tonight, but I’m not going to. But what if you start thinking that way then, well, in theory in the morning maybe it feels a little uncomfortable, maybe I miss that. So, it’s like if you just don’t allow that to enter your brain, it just never enters your brain. Is this how you treat investing with this much precision and obsession a little bit? I think people who are successful in any field are a bit obsessive. Like I think obsession is what yields success in a craft. Like if you want to be a great basketball player, the best way to become a great basketball player is take 500 shots a day when you’re growing up every day. Is there anything that you’re afraid of? Yeah, I’m claustrophobic, so I hate MRIs. I was going to [laughter] ask you if you’ve done a full body MRI. I do but I have to there fortunately well actually thank God for midjourney just announcing yesterday a solution it’s like midney just the best thing ever for me like because I’m moderately I’m not super claustrophobic but moderately claustrophobic is that in the US are we going to be able to do it here it’s ready to go this will solve my life so anyway when I have to have an MRI if my head has to be under the MRI I go crazy and so fortunately in the US there are these open air MRIs to like one side, but there’s like about one of those per city. Like New York has one, but there’s like one or two locations. Miami had one. There’s like one location. So, if the MRI is mostly optional, you can set it up there. The resolution is a little worse, but it’s very convenient and I can tolerate that, but a full MRI over my face would would absolutely drive me insane. And you know, the doctors were like, “Well, you should just take Cavali.” I’m like, “No, I don’t take drugs.” Like don’t take drugs. They’re talking about not interfering your brain. Like I refuse to take any drugs unless the doctor convinces me a it will address not the symptoms but the root cause of a problem and they can convince me that it’s very unlikely to have cognitive impact. And actually they don’t usually know. You have to probe a fair amount. There’s a lot of drugs that people prescribe frequently that actually do pass through the bloodb brain barrier which therefore means it’s not particularly safe. The other thing about the midjourney MRI is has no radiation. So regardless of what people are taught, there is no there’s no safe in quotes dose of radiation. You may have like just like we make trade-offs in many things in life. We do things that are not perfectly safe all the time. Drive a car, you know, etc. You should not really want any doses of radiation in your life. And so the ability to do like a s like this new product as an alternative to MRI with no radiation is incredible. Isn’t that interesting that an art AI company has formulated this? I’m I’m just ecstatic though. I I this is the happiest I’ve been in such a long time. Both it’s great for society. Resolution’s better. Cost should be better. All all the benefits. No radiation is definitely better. But it solves my personal problem uh before, god forbid, I have to have another MRI. Healthcare has become incredibly specialized. One doctor looks at your hormones, another looks at your cholesterol, someone else reviews your imaging. But very few people actually connect all the pieces together. And I think that’s the biggest problem in healthcare right now. You just don’t know where to go. This is what I like about Kinsen. brings your health information into one place and connects you with licensed healthcare providers who can help you understand what your data actually means. So, you guys know that I spend a lot of time talking about personalized medicine. That’s because I don’t believe there’s a single longevity protocol that works for everyone. There’s no one-izefits-all. Your biology is different to mine. That’s why your strategy should be, too. What they do is they help you move from collecting health information to actually using it. Go and check it out at kinsin.com/ro. take the quiz and then if you use code neuro at checkout, you’ll get 20% off your subscription order. By the way guys, they provide clinician guided wellness programs and metabolic health programs. I want to before I come go into stress, I actually want to talk to you about um the world of biotech. So I just spent some time in SF meeting um some amazing founders in biotech from you know there’s brain computer interfaces there’s uh there’s neural chips for solving blindness glaucoma there’s just so many things happening right now especially in the therapeutic space for Alzheimer’s disease most of them are therapeutic and you know addressing maladies yes um there are some that are supposed to be performance enhancement that’s where I would personally draw a line I probably would not be willing to use anything that would affect my brain for the potential upside. It’s pretty Darwinistically evolved to perform pretty well. So, anything that had potential downside, I’d be very therapeutic. So, but what about neuroch? I personally wouldn’t. Why? I because I’m afraid of I think each person’s brain that performs really well has its own quirks. So like for example, one of my quirks is almost every conversation I’ve had in my life with anybody I can recall. Yes. Terrifies people sometimes. No, I heard that about you. Yes. So it’s very how very useful sometimes, but that’s not normal. And I’m afraid like if you do anything to my brain, I might lose that. Or I I heard a story. I I was watching a podcast with a very successful founder yesterday and he was talking about how basically he has 1,200 books in their office and he basically can tell you what page any passage is on. So I wouldn’t want to interfere with his brain either. That’s like a very useful skill, you know. So I think if you get, you know, really proficient at some cognitive stuff, you don’t want to play around too much with things that could change what’s made you successful. It’s a little bit like athletes. A lot of professional athletes become very successful with a fairly unorthodox, let’s say, shot or swing in baseball. Shot in basketball swing if they’re already the best in the world at what they do. You do not want to be the coach playing around with that shot too much. It’s like don’t fix what’s not broken. Yes. So, anything that doesn’t touch the bloodb brain barrier I’d probably be fine with, but I’m very leery. Now, if I had, you know, some traumatic experience, if I had some malady, there was a few years ago where I had a scare that I might have like a brain a brain cancer. It turned out I didn’t. I did not. I thought someone there was one symptom I had that could one likely result, one likely cause could have been a tumor. Turns out I don’t. But, you know, obviously I would do things differently and relax some of my constraints if I had a tumor. Yeah. So, you’re not really interested in getting elective brain surgery to get the neural tube in. And that’s where I I would do like all kinds of crazy stuff elsewhere, but probably not that. Um, okay. That’s that’s interesting. But are you excited about in like are you thinking of investing in those? Investing. Yeah, absolutely. Our fund at Coastal Ventures, we invest in many of those companies. We have lots of brain interface stuff. We have lots of things that can improve um really serious issues that people confront. We have a whole portfolio. We have a whole medical team. So, we’d love to invest in the space, but personally, I would probably only use most of these things if I had one of those, you know, unfortunate issues in my f for me or my family. So, let’s go to stress because you’ve said publicly, and I quote, “Stress is the key to health, wealth, and happiness.” And you love this book called The Upside of Stress. The Upside of Stress by Kelly McDougall. [laughter] Um, most people don’t really understand stress. Um, the way that I like to conceptualize it is in order to grow your muscles, you need to place stress upon this system in order for it to grow. However, right, however, chronic stress can give you the opposite effect. Well, let’s define. So, I think think of stress, people use the term a little bit loosely. You want to challenge yourself constantly and the challenge is what leads you to be better. But her research in the book is incredibly compelling. So she starts in the beginning of the book and there’s a TED talk for those of you who want to watch. The book’s better than a TED talk cuz she wrote the book after the TED talk. So it’s got more depth to it. But she started the research and the thing that comes through in the TED talk and the first parag uh first chapter of the book is people who had the most stress in their life live the longest. And that’s what shocked her. That’s what led her to dig into this. She used to believe all the canonical things are taught about stress is bad blah blah blah. And then she saw the studies and just said, “Okay, something interesting and anomalous is going on. I need to dig into it.” And then every chapter is a proof that [snorts] the more stress you embrace. And that’s the key. You have to embrace it, the better you perform. And you can show it at the micro level, like the cellular level. You can show it at the output level, like your performance on tests or interviews. Like they do these experiments with like interviews. Kind of a fun easy experiment is you have three three groups. One group is told stress is great. The other group’s told like try to avoid the stress, minimize the stress. One third group’s told nothing. Every single version of this test, the group that’s told stress is good outperforms the other two groups. Any version of a test you give these people, you can give them an objective test, subjective test, interview panel, doesn’t matter. They outperform every single time. Do you think that the reason why people aren’t as successful is because they’re afraid of stress? I think so. I think this so basically what she also exposes in the book is most of the research that led to this you know sort of cultural norm that stress is bad was actually torturing people and torturing animals in the 1950s. It wasn’t stress. It was like you know like let’s subject people to like literally torture and then see if that’s good for them. Shocking chronic torture is not good for people’s performance health. But like she actually does go through all the original studies that led to this conclusion and it’s bor it’s either real torture or borderline torture. It’s not stress in the sense that most of us use the term. Is it psychological stress? Is it physical stress? Both. Um chronic stress. No. So let’s talk about chronic stress. There is a caveat here. Chronic stress which means constant pressure where you don’t have um you don’t have a feeling that you can control the outcome is bad for you. So there’s two ways to do that. One is you can modulate some of the chronic nature like the consistent nature of it and some of it’s giving you belief and or ability to shape the outcome. That’s how you turn that into a positive. But I highly recommend reading the entire book. She’s an assistant professor at Stanford like totally worth reading for everybody. It’ll change your life. This is the number one book when people are like, “What book should I read that will most likely change my life?” This is the book I give people. But wouldn’t there be moments and you can probably speak more profoundly to this where founders are on a roll but then they not being they’re not able to something happens a divorce or a death in the family and they’re not able to manage that stress and everything goes downhill after that. I think look everybody goes through uh life with significant challenges. Yes. Significant others your own health. It’s part of but it is part of life. Like I I was watching, you know, the Knicks winning their championship last week and the Mike Green, the broadcaster for the Knicks and for NBC, had this great line at the end. He’s like, “Life isn’t perfect, but there are perfect moments.” And so, you know, everybody has to navigate the imperfect moments, but it’s also the mentality you bring to the imperfect moments that does improve your odds of succeeding. Ultimately, I feel like I would I would thrive working under you only because of one thing and it’s what we spoke about. It was this notion of psychological safety and high performance teams. Can you talk about what you think about this realm and being able to criticize people publicly? Yep. High performance people are very demanding pure. So only way like think about this way. Take a competitive world. Again, pick your profession. Tech, investing, Wall Street, finance, DJing, music, sports, whatever sport you like, it’s hyperco competitive. And if you want to be the best and outperform everybody else who aspires to do the same, you typically are obsessive. And obsession comes with very high standards and very high demands on yourself. If it’s an individual sport, it’s on yourself. Typically, it’s not just yourself. to everybody around you. One of my, you know, sort of favorite books to recommend people who want to really see it on steroids is, and in sports, you can read this book, Jordan Rules. It’s about Michael Jordan, the Chicago Bulls. It illustrates it. It’s an old book very well about how the best are demanding of everybody around them and either don’t suffer fools or mediocrity. Very well. Um if you want to read it in a you want to read about it there’s a kind of amusing movie more devil wears Prada it’s a little bit more amusing version of the story you want to read the more sad version but but relevant version of whiplash convey some of the obsession that yields success too um but that that’s that’s what being very successful entails now that goal is not for everybody and everybody doesn’t have to have that goal it’s perfectly fine to wake up and say I don’t want to be, you know, an Olympic medal winning gymnast, but some people do want to be an Olympic medal winning swimmer. And if you want to be that, there are consequences and changes you have to make in your life to make that dream reality. Have you read um Walt Disney’s biography? I have not. He border lines on this obsession and he when he was talking about the the way that he got Snow White to where it was and got this standing ovation, it’s just he was so so maniacal and obsessed with every single output of Snow White and you realize why he became who he is. That doesn’t surprise me, but now I’ll probably have to add it to the reading list. I mean, it’s a thick book. That’s okay. But on that your um your ability to take criticism from you because you do it in public is that a choice? Yeah. So this is an interesting lesson actually. I only learned this a few years ago from one of the found one of the better founders I work with convinced me that this is the better way. So everybody’s again it’s one of these canards everybody’s taught criticizing private and he’s like that makes no sense. All criticism should be in public. And I was curious to ask explain and basically what happens is the rest of the team around you usually knows something is wrong. And when you criticize in private they don’t typically know that you’re addressing it and fixing it. You do in public it becomes a joint problem. We’re all going to solve this together and they know it’s being addressed versus ignored. So it’s basically it comes down to a framework is are you optimizing for the individual might be more comfortable to be criticized in private versus optimizing for an organization. If you’re in the company building or team building world the criticism in public helps the overall organization succeed and thrive which is your goal typically as the CEO or general manager or coach. I think um it would be it does demand a certain type of individual and personality to be able to withhold that. Yeah. I think you can um get acclimated to it if you haven’t grown up in that environment. I think some people grow up in an environment they may have parents that are very crit you know maybe natural right like I remember you know I remember when I was young coming home with an A minus somewhere between fourth and sixth grade and my mom’s like what you know like what why are you having an A minus? And I said, “Mom, everybody else in the class got an A minus.” And she looks at me and says, “Everybody else in that class is not my kid.” [snorts] And you learned very quickly that the A minus is not acceptable. So your demand for excellence has been deep rooted into you as a kid. Certainly the academic side. Yeah. Do you have friends? Oh, lots. The reason I asked that is because right now I’m at a stage in my life where I’m optimizing for social connection. And I’ve never said this term before, but social longevity, meaning that the friends I’m investing in today, I want for the rest of my life. I because there’s not that much time that Yeah. So, you’ve pro the other the other thing I’m sort of famous for is optimizing time. Yes. Um, it’s a whole another whole another podcast, but it’s it’s the other topic I get asked most about is how do you optimize time? Um, and one of the ways I’ll give you a secret that related to your question is I I do what I call double count time. So I take my friends to work out with [laughter] me. So I get both done at the same time. I almost never am training by myself because I’m like finding somebody that I want to spend time with and bringing them along. Unfortunately I have a lot of friends who are interested in in in you know similar programs but fundamentally it allows me to get two things done at once. Yeah. And there’s only 24 hours in a day and if you’re going to take eight hours for sleep that leaves you 16. So you you know figuring out I I actually get the benefit and luxury. Um I work with a lot of my friends which is really nice because that you know that counts as double counting time. We can we can do work and hang out together which is you know absolutely wonderful. Why Barerries? Oh so berries I discovered is the most efficient use of time. to put time like if if you need to build muscle and there’s lots of reasons why it’s critical you know you want to read like live or whatever um you need muscle mass and then secondly for this high intensity benefits you need like aggressive zone whatever your preference is but you need to take your heart rate up pretty high and bring it back down and bring it up bring it back down so berries allows you to do both in 46 or so minutes which is great especially if you’re a busy professional like a CEO. It like there’s a lot of other ways to do this, but it takes a little bit more effort and possibly more time and it’s moderately fun, meaning like the programming to really high quality music is energizing. You can occasionally meet people social. Yeah. So, I think it’s an entire culture and religion. Barry is like a religion. There’s there there’s another one I do in New York that’s even more culty. Um, yeah. [laughter] One thing we didn’t touch on back then, uh, when we were talking about your diet and your exercise, we didn’t talk about your diet, but you said something about reading something on Diet Coke and insulin resistance. Oh, yes. So, one of the flaws I had when I was growing up, um, both in law school, as a lawyer, a law clerk, I and even early in my tech career, I was addicted to Diet Coke. And I, you know, people would always say it’s bad for you, and you’d hear these things like it causes cancer. And then I’d read whatever research was available at the time and it I doubt it really is carcinogenic carcinogenic. But I finally got convinced that there’s this one very well done in terms of methodology study that showed that your body when you drink Diet Coke, even if it doesn’t have sugar, is tricked into believing it has sugar and effectively creates like insulin resistance. And I said, “Oh my god, I’m doing all this training. I’m eating well and my body’s being tricked by the diet coke as if I’m having sugar. That makes no sense. I’ve got to stop.” And I quit cold turkey. I’ve had like two diet cokes in the last 15 years. Is it just just water? Uh I like green tea if I have to like a version like I have Celsius. Um like many people I guess it’s like a 10 billion dollar company so it’s pretty popular. Uh but fundamentally I just quit diet coke absolutely cold turkey. Now it’s actually easy because I don’t even if I were to like sample it, I don’t actually like the taste, which actually suggests that your body does get somewhat affected. The fact that I can’t even tolerate the taste now is interesting. I want you to tell me something that nobody knows that you haven’t spoken about publicly about how to be in the position you are today with gut in instincts and being able to make the decisions that you can today. That’s a great question. Um, I mean, some of it is I’m a strong proponent of the old formula. It’s luck equals preparation times opportunity. And the preparation part people skip over. So, I’ll tell you a story that’s not about me, but I think it reveals it. There’s a a friend of mine I went to college with at Stanford who had a lot of really cool things happen in his life. And people used to always describe my friend Adam as lucky. Like constantly. Everybody around would say, “Oh, he’s so lucky.” What they didn’t see was since he was good friend, I knew what he was doing. So like he got this internship for this favorite famous sports agent back in the day when he was like a freshman or sophomore at Stanford and everybody’s jealous and they were like, “Oh, he’s so lucky.” Blah blah blah. What he did to prepare for that interview was off the charts obsession. He studied like what did this agent wear? like what kind of suit, what kind of tie, what kind of collar replicated all that. So the preparation was off the charts. Not surprisingly, if you prepare for everything in your life that way, some rolls of the dice work out in your favor. So as you, you know, both expand the opportunities to get lucky, which I think surface area is an important ingredient, but then your preparation that means you’re ready to seize the opportunity. And that’s the invisible work that people don’t see that looks like luck. So I’ve been a pretty big proponent of that. So preparation times surface area. And so putting yourself in a position to thrive when the dice kind of turn, you know, roll the way you want them to. You’re not caught off guard. What if somebody says to you, but I have prepared? Well, what level of preparation exactly? And then how many years? So I think there’s another another expression I learned from a very successful famous fairly famous person um was in any short dose of time lock dicks a lot lot dictates a lot of outcomes but if you expand the time frame you regress to sort of meritocracy and I think that’s true you learn this technique as a lawyer actually which is changing time frames can really change the result and so if you think of like let’s say people in tech. Yes, there are people who enter TAC and they join cursor right out of college. Did they prepare correctly? You know, why and how? It probably wasn’t full luck, but certainly it will set them up to be, you know, very successful. However, and you can’t always join cursor right out of college. However, if you’re talented and ambitious and you you work your ass off, if you work in TAC for 30 years, is it likely you can find your way into a cursor? The answer is yes. There’s a lot of competition right now. So I I hope there’s super competition. Tech is a very competitive field. Fortunately, it’s not zero sub. Best thing about tech compared to some other fields is for the most part other than maybe in a narrow vertical if my friend creates a company that’s a trillion dollar company, it doesn’t handicap my ability to create a trillion dollar company. In politics, there’s only one president of the United States. There’s only one secretary of state. There’s only two senators from California. very zero sub in sports. There’s only one champion per year. There’s only so many roster spots, you know, pick your sport, tell you the number of roster spots. There’s only so many teams that, you know, 48 that get invited to the World Cup. There’s only 16 that make it to the next round. So, there is zero sub. Tech is great because you can, if you have potential, you harness it, you can create something, and there’s really nobody else who can get in your way. I am so inspired by you. Thank you for sharing with us your lifestyle habits that make you the person you are today. Pleasure to be with you.