Bridging the Agent-World Gap: Text World Models for LLM-based Agents

Hugging Face Daily Papers Papers

Summary

This paper systematically reviews text world models for LLM-based agents, covering foundations, construction paradigms, applications in planning and training, and evaluation methods.

Large language model (LLM)-based agents are increasingly used in interactive textual environments, from web navigation and code editing to tool use and long-horizon dialogue. Yet many remain largely reactive, mapping observations to actions without an explicit model of how these environments are structured and evolve. This motivates text world models (TWMs): transition models over textual states that, given a state and a candidate action, predict the resulting webpage, terminal output, API response, or user reply, thereby supporting planning, efficient learning, and principled evaluation. We systematically review text world models for LLM-based agents, organized around a formal framework and the agent lifecycle: (1) Foundations, defining text world models and characterizing them by state representation and grounding domain; (2) Construction, taxonomizing LLM-as-WM and code-as-WM paradigms and reviewing methods for building them; (3) Application, examining how world models support agents at training time through experience synthesis and at inference time through planning, verification, and adaptation; and (4) Evaluation, covering both evaluation of the world model itself and its use as an evaluation environment for agents. We aim to consolidate this rapidly developing area, clarify its design space, and highlight open challenges for future research.
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Abstract

Text world models serve as transition models for LLM-based agents in interactive environments, enabling planning and efficient learning by predicting environmental changes from textual states and actions.

Large language model (LLM)-based agents are increasingly used in interactive textual environments, from web navigation and code editing to tool use and long-horizon dialogue. Yet many remain largely reactive, mapping observations to actions without an explicit model of how these environments are structured and evolve. This motivatestext world models(TWMs):transition modelsovertextual statesthat, given a state and a candidate action, predict the resulting webpage, terminal output, API response, or user reply, thereby supportingplanning, efficient learning, and principled evaluation. We systematically reviewtext world modelsforLLM-based agents, organized around a formal framework and the agent lifecycle: (1) Foundations, definingtext world modelsand characterizing them by state representation and grounding domain; (2) Construction, taxonomizing LLM-as-WM and code-as-WM paradigms and reviewing methods for building them; (3) Application, examining how world models support agents at training time throughexperience synthesisand at inference time throughplanning,verification, andadaptation; and (4) Evaluation, covering both evaluation of the world model itself and its use as an evaluation environment for agents. We aim to consolidate this rapidly developing area, clarify its design space, and highlight open challenges for future research.

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