Bug or Feature^2: Weight Drift, Activation Sparsity, and Spikes
Summary
This paper formally proves that training neural networks with asymmetric activation functions like ReLU, GELU, or SiLU causes weights to drift negative, leading to up to 90% activation sparsity. It also shows that squared activations like ReLU² improve performance but cause activation spikes, which can be fixed by clipping, with GELU² achieving the best validation loss.
View Cached Full Text
Cached at: 05/20/26, 10:40 PM
Paper page - Bug or Feature^2: Weight Drift, Activation Sparsity, and Spikes
Source: https://huggingface.co/papers/2605.17659 Every time you train a network with ReLU, GELU, or SiLU, your weights quietly drift negative. Not because of your data, it happens onrandom inputstoo. It’s baked into the math of gradient descent + asymmetric activations.
We prove it formally (MSE & cross-entropy) and show it across MLP, ResNet, ViT, GPT, and a speech model.
**What does this drift do?**Negative weights push pre-activations into negative regions, and with ReLU, up to 90% of activations end up being zero zeroed out by the very same function that caused the drift in the first place! Bug or feature? Depends on how to use it.
**The most interesting finding:**ReLU² boosts GPT-nano performance but it pathologically amplifies activation spikes by 25×. The fix is simple:clip it. Clipped ReLU² and GELU² both outperform their non squared versions, with GELU² achieving the best validation loss overall on GPT-nano.
💻 Code: github.com/On-Point-RND/BugOrFeature
Similar Articles
Mitigating the Curse of Dimensionality in Uniform Convergence of Deep Neural Networks via Smooth Activations
This paper establishes a theoretical framework showing that smooth activations in deep neural networks can mitigate the curse of dimensionality in uniform convergence, providing non-asymptotic guarantees and outperforming ReLU networks in worst-case reliability.
@linghaokong76: Can networks perform better without adding non-zero weights? Our ICML 2026 paper says yes: spreading the same active we…
A new ICML 2026 paper shows that spreading the same active weights across more neurons reduces collisions and improves accuracy in neural networks, suggesting networks can perform better without adding non-zero weights.
A law of robustness for two-layer neural networks with arbitrary weights
This paper proves a conjectured law of robustness for two-layer neural networks with unbounded weights, showing that a network fitting noisy data must have a Lipschitz constant at least of order sqrt(n/m), up to a logarithmic factor, for continuous piecewise-linear activations like ReLU.
From Weights to Features: SAE-Guided Activation Regularization for LLM Continual Learning
This paper proposes a continual learning method for LLMs that uses pretrained sparse autoencoders (SAEs) to regularize in activation space instead of weight space, achieving better memory efficiency and stronger performance on benchmarks while avoiding catastrophic forgetting without storing previous data.
Hidden Gauge Controls Feature Specialization in ReLU Networks
A theoretical study shows that in overparameterized ReLU networks, a positive-homogeneous scaling gauge hidden in the initial parameters can deterministically control which duplicate neuron learns a teacher feature, affecting specialization time and pruning trajectories.