Paper page - dMoE: dLLMs with Learnable Block Experts

Source: https://huggingface.co/papers/2605.30876

Abstract

Diffusion large language models combined with mixture-of-experts architectures face a mismatch between block parallel decoding and token-level expert selection, which dMoE addresses by aggregating token-level distributions into block-level routing to reduce activated experts and improve efficiency.

Diffusion Large Language Models(dLLMs) have recently emerged as a promising alternative toautoregressive models, offering competitive performance while naturally supportingparallel decoding. However, as dLLMs are increasingly integrated withMixture-of-Experts(MoE) architectures to scale model capacity, a fundamental mismatch arises betweenblock parallel decodingandtoken-level expert selection. Specifically, each dLLM forward pass processes multiple tokens with bidirectional dependencies, whereas conventional MoE layers route each token independently. This mismatch substantially increases the number of uniquely activated experts, making inference increasingly memory-bound. To address this, we propose dMoE, a simple yet effective block-level MoE framework. The central idea of dMoE is to aggregate token-level expert distributions within each block into a unifiedblock-level expert distribution, which is then used to guideexpert routingin a more coherent manner. In this way, dMoE substantially reduces the number of uniquely activated experts during inference without sacrificing performance, thereby mitigating thememory-bound bottleneck. Extensive experiments across a variety of benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of dMoE. On average, dMoE reduces the number of uniquely activated experts from 69.5 to 14.6 while retaining 99.11% of the original performance. Meanwhile, it reduces memory usage by 76.64% to 79.84% and achieves 1.14times to 1.66timesend-to-end latencyspeedup. Code is available at: https://github.com/fscdc/dMoE

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