LLMs时代：语言多样性的日渐式微

# 大语言模型时代下语言多样性的萎缩图景 来源：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-026-02550-0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=6d4e7e1c-1fe0-42ca-a421-83ae07346d91 ## 参考文献 1. 奥威尔，G. 《一九八四》69–70页（企鹅出版社，1949年）。 2. Park, G. 等。基于社交媒体语言的自动化人格评估。《人格与社会心理学杂志》**108**，934–952（2015年）。文章（https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fpspp0000020）PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25365036)Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Automatic%20personality%20assessment%20through%20social%20media%20language&journal=J.%20Pers.%20Soc.%20Psychol.&doi=10.1037%2Fpspp0000020&volume=108&pages=934-952&publication_year=2015&author=Park%2CG) 3. Oberlander, J. & Gill, A. J. 富有个性的语言：电子邮件沟通中个体差异的分层语料库比较。《话语过程》**42**，239–270（2006年）。文章（https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15326950dp4203_1）Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Language%20with%20character%3A%20a%20stratified%20corpus%20comparison%20of%20individual%20differences%20in%20e-mail%20communication&journal=Discourse%20Process.&doi=10.1207%2Fs15326950dp4203_1&volume=42&pages=239-270&publication_year=2006&author=Oberlander%2CJ&author=Gill%2CAJ) 4. Moreno, J. D., Martinez-Huertas, J. A., Olmos, R., Jorge-Botana, G. & Botella, J. 人格特质能否通过分析书面语言来衡量？一项关于计算方法的元分析研究。《人格与个体差异》**177**，110818（2021年）。文章（https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.paid.2021.110818）Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Can%20personality%20traits%20be%20measured%20analyzing%20written%20language%3F%20A%20meta-analytic%20study%20on%20computational%20methods&journal=Pers.%20Individ.%20Dif.&doi=10.1016%2Fj.paid.2021.110818&volume=177&publication_year=2021&author=Moreno%2CJD&author=Martinez-Huertas%2CJA&author=Olmos%2CR&author=Jorge-Botana%2CG&author=Botella%2CJ) 5. Mairesse, F., Walker, M. A., Mehl, M. R. & Moore, R. K. 使用语言线索自动识别对话和文本中的人格。《人工智能研究杂志》**30**，457–500（2007年）。文章（https://doi.org/10.1613%2Fjair.2349）Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Using%20linguistic%20cues%20for%20the%20automatic%20recognition%20of%20personality%20in%20conversation%20and%20text&journal=J.%20Artif.%20Intell.%20Res.&doi=10.1613%2Fjair.2349&volume=30&pages=457-500&publication_year=2007&author=Mairesse%2CF&author=Walker%2CMA&author=Mehl%2CMR&author=Moore%2CRK) 6. Schwartz, H. A. 等。社交媒体语言中的人格、性别与年龄：开放词汇方法。《PLoS ONE》**8**，73791（2013年）。文章（https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0073791）Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Personality%2C%20gender%2C%20and%20age%20in%20the%20language%20of%20social%20media%3A%20the%20open-vocabulary%20approach&journal=PLoS%20ONE&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0073791&volume=8&publication_year=2013&author=Schwartz%2CHA) 7. Kramsch, C. 语言与文化。《AILA评论》**27**，30–55（2014年）。文章（https://doi.org/10.1075%2Faila.27.02kra）Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Language%20and%20culture&journal=AILA%20Rev.&doi=10.1075%2Faila.27.02kra&volume=27&pages=30-55&publication_year=2014&author=Kramsch%2CC) 8. Gumperz, J. 言语社区。《国际社会科学百科全书》**9**，381–386（1968年）。Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20speech%20community&journal=Int.%20Encycl.%20Soc.%20Sci.&volume=9&pages=381-386&publication_year=1968&author=Gumperz%2CJ) 9. Nguyen, D. & Rosé, C. P. 语言使用作为网络社区社会化的反映。载于《社交媒体语言研讨会论文集》（Nagarajan, M. & Gamon, M. 编）76–85页（计算语言学协会，2011年）。 10. Bamman, D., Eisenstein, J. & Schnoebelen, T. 性别认同与社交媒体中的词汇变异。《社会语言学杂志》**18**，135–160（2014年）。文章（https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjosl.12080）Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Gender%20identity%20and%20lexical%20variation%20in%20social%20media&journal=J.%20Socioling.&doi=10.1111%2Fjosl.12080&volume=18&pages=135-160&publication_year=2014&author=Bamman%2CD&author=Eisenstein%2CJ&author=Schnoebelen%2CT) 11. Pennebaker, J. W. 代词的秘密生活。《新科学家》**211**，42–45（2011年）。文章（https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0262-4079%2811%2962167-2）Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20secret%20life%20of%20pronouns&journal=New%20Sci.&doi=10.1016%2FS0262-4079%2811%2962167-2&volume=211&pages=42-45&publication_year=2011&author=Pennebaker%2CJW) 12. Robinson, M. D., Boyd, R. L., Fetterman, A. K. & Persich, M. R. 政治（与非政治）话语中的心智与身体：美国政治中意识形态印记的语言证据。《语言与社会心理杂志》**36**，438–461（2017年）。文章（https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0261927X16668376）Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20mind%20versus%20the%20body%20in%20political%20%28and%20nonpolitical%29%20discourse%3A%20linguistic%20evidence%20for%20an%20ideological%20signature%20in%20US%20politics&journal=J.%20Lang.%20Soc.%20Psychol.&doi=10.1177%2F0261927X16668376&volume=36&pages=438-461&publication_year=2017&author=Robinson%2CMD&author=Boyd%2CRL&author=Fetterman%2CAK&author=Persich%2CMR) 13. Huang, Y., Guo, D., Kasakoff, A. & Grieve, J. 利用Twitter数据分析理解美国区域语言变异。《计算、环境与城市系统》**59**，244–255（2016年）。文章（https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.compenvurbsys.2015.12.003）Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Understanding%20US%20regional%20linguistic%20variation%20with%20Twitter%20data%20analysis&journal=Comput.%20Environ.%20Urban%20Syst.&doi=10.1016%2Fj.compenvurbsys.2015.12.003&volume=59&pages=244-255&publication_year=2016&author=Huang%2CY&author=Guo%2CD&author=Kasakoff%2CA&author=Grieve%2CJ) 14. Eisenstein, J., O’Connor, B., Smith, N. A. & Xing, E. 用于地理词汇变异的潜变量模型。载于《2010年自然语言处理实证方法会议论文集》（Li, H. & Màrquez, L. 编）1277–1287页（计算语言学协会，2010年）。 15. Peterson, K., Hohensee, M. & Xia, F. 职场中的电子邮件正式性：基于安然语料库的案例研究。载于《社交媒体语言研讨会（LSM 2011）论文集》（Nagarajan, M. & Gamon, M. 编）86–95页（计算语言学协会，2011年）。 16. Stamatatos, E. 现代作者归属方法综述。《信息科学与技术学会杂志》**60**，538–556（2009年）。文章（https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasi.21001）Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20survey%20of%20modern%20authorship%20attribution%20methods&journal=J.%20Assoc.%20Inf.%20Sci.%20Technol.&doi=10.1002%2Fasi.21001&volume=60&pages=538-556&publication_year=2009&author=Stamatatos%2CE) 17. Grieve, J. 定量作者归属：技术评估。《文学与语言计算》**22**，251–270（2007年）。文章（https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fllc%2Ffqm020）Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Quantitative%20authorship%20attribution%3A%20an%20evaluation%20of%20techniques&journal=Lit.%20Ling.%20Comput.&doi=10.1093%2Fllc%2Ffqm020&volume=22&pages=251-270&publication_year=2007&author=Grieve%2CJ) 18. Cassell, J. & Tversky, D. 在线跨文化社区形成的语言。《计算机媒介传播杂志》**10**，1027（2005年）。Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20language%20of%20online%20intercultural%20community%20formation&journal=J.%20Comput.%20Mediat.%20Commun.&volume=10&publication_year=2005&author=Cassell%2CJ&author=Tversky%2CD) 19. Danet, B. & Herring, S. C. 引言：多语言互联网。《计算机媒介传播杂志》**9**，9110（2003年）。Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Introduction%3A%20the%20multilingual%20internet&journal=J.%20Comput.%20Mediat.%20Commun.&volume=9&publication_year=2003&author=Danet%2CB&author=Herring%2CSC) 20. Kennedy, B. 等。道德关切在语言中存在差异化显现。《认知》**212**，104696（2021年）。文章（https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2021.104696）PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=33812153)Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Moral%20concerns%20are%20differentially%20observable%20in%20language&journal=Cognition&doi=10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2021.104696&volume=212&publication_year=2021&author=Kennedy%2CB) 21. Jackson, J. C., Gelfand, M., De, S. & Fox, A. 美国文化在200年间的松动与创造力-秩序权衡有关。《自然-人类行为》**3**，244–250（2019年）。文章（https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41562-018-0516-z）PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=30953010)Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20loosening%20of%20American%20culture%20over%20200%20years%20is%20associated%20with%20a%20creativity%E2%80%93order%20trade-off&journal=Nat.%20Hum.%20Behav.&doi=10.1038%2Fs41562-018-0516-z&volume=3&pages=244-250&publication_year=2019&author=Jackson%2CJC&author=Gelfand%2CM&author=De%2CS&author=Fox%2CA) 22. Hofmann, V., Kalluri, P. R., Jurafsky, D. & King, S. AI基于方言对人产生隐蔽的种族主义决策。《自然》**633**，147–154（2024年）。文章（https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-024-07856-5）CAS (https://www.nature.com/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXhvVKit7%2FM)PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=39198640)PubMed Central (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11374696)Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=AI%20generates%20covertly%20racist%20decisions%20about%20people%20based%20on%20their%20dialect&journal=Nature&doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-024-07856-5&volume=633&pages=147-154&publication_year=2024&author=Hofmann%2CV&author=Kalluri%2CPR&author=Jurafsky%2CD&author=King%2CS) 23. Richard, A. B., Lelandais, M., Reilly, K. T. & Jacquin-Courtois, S. 连续言语中细微认知障碍的语言标记：系统综述。《言语、语言与听力研究杂志》**67**，4714–4733（2024年）。文章（https://doi.org/10.1044%2F2024_JSLHR-24-00274）PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=39546411)Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Linguistic%20markers%20of%20subtle%20cognitive%20impairment%20in%20connected%20speech%3A%20a%20systematic%20review&journal=J.%20Speech%20Lang.%20Hear.%20Res.&doi=10.1044%2F2024_JSLHR-24-00274&volume=67&pages=4714-4733&publication_year=2024&author=Richard%2CAB&author=Lelandais%2CM&author=Reilly%2CKT&author=Jacquin-Courtois%2CS) 24. Eyigoz, E., Mathur, S., Santamaria, M., Cecchi, G. & Naylor, M. 语言标记预测阿尔茨海默病的发病。《EClinicalMedicine》**28**，100583（2020年）。 25. Roark, B., Mitchell, M., Hosom, J.-P., Hollingshead, K. & Kaye, J. 用于检测轻度认知障碍的口语派生测量。《IEEE音频、语音与语言处理汇刊》**19**，2081–2090（2011年）。文章（https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTASL.2011.2112351）PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=22199464)PubMed Central (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3244269)Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Spoken%20language%20derived%20measures%20for%20detecting%20mild%20cognitive%20impairment&journal=IEEE%20Trans.%20Audio%20Speech%20Lang.%20Process.&doi=10.1109%2FTASL.2011.2112351&volume=19&pages=2081-2090&publication_year=2011&author=Roark%2CB&author=Mitchell%2CM&author=Hosom%2CJ-P&author=Hollingshead%2CK&author=Kaye%2CJ) 26. Trifu, R. N. 等。重度抑郁症的语言标记：使用自动化程序的横断面研究。《心理学前沿》**15**，1355734（2024年）。文章（https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2024.1355734）PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=38510303)PubMed Central (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10953917)Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Linguistic%20markers%20for%20major%20depressive%20disorder%3A%20a%20cross-sectional%20study%20using%20an%20automated%20procedure&journal=Front.%20Psychol.&doi=10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2024.1355734&volume=15&publication_year=2024&author=Trifu%2CRN) 27. Weerasinghe, J., Morales, K. & Greenstadt, R. "因为...我被告知...如此之多”：Twitter上心理健康状态的语言指标。《隐私增强技术会议录》**4**，152–171（2019年）。 28. 沃尔夫，B. L. 《语言、思想与现实：本杰明·李·沃尔夫文集选》（MIT出版社，2012年）。 29. Eckert, P. 变异研究的三波浪潮：社会语言学变异研究中意义的涌现。《人类学年鉴》**41**，87–100（2012年）。文章（https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-anthro-092611-145828）Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Three%20waves%20of%20variation%20study%3A%20the%20emergence%20of%20meaning%20in%20the%20study%20of%20sociolinguistic%20variation&journal=Annu.%20Rev.%20Anthropol.&doi=10.1146%2Fannurev-anthro-092611-145828&volume=41&pages=87-100&publication_year=2012&author=Eckert%2CP) 30. Hofstede, G. 《文化的后果：跨国价值观、行为、制度与组织的比较》第二版（Sage出版社，2001年）。 31. OpenAI. 《介绍ChatGPT》 https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt（2022年）。 32. Gemini Team 等。Gemini：一个能力强大的多模态模型家族。预印本见 https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2312.11805（2023年）。 33. Bailyn, E. 《ChatGPT使用统计：2026年3月》 https://firstpagesage.com/seo-blog/chatgpt-usage-statistics/（FirstPageSage, 2026年）。 34. 《近三分之一大学生曾在书面作业中使用ChatGPT》 https://www.intelligent.com/nearly-1-in-3-college-students-have-used-chatgpt-on-written-assignments/（Intelligent, 2024年）。 35. McClain, C. 《美国人对ChatGPT的使用正在增加，但很少有人信任其选举信息》 https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/03/26/americans-use-of-chatgpt-is-ticking-up-but-few-trust-its-election-information/（皮尤研究中心, 2024年）。 36. Handa, K. 等。哪些经济任务由AI执行？来自数百万次Claude对话的证据。预印本见 https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2503.04761（2025年）。 37. Mizrahi, M. 等。什么样的“艺术现状”？呼吁对大语言模型进行多提示评估。《计算语言学协会汇刊》**12**，933–949（2024年）。文章（https://doi.org/10.1162%2Ftacl_a_00681）Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=State%20of%20what%20art%3F%20A%20call%20for%20multi-prompt%20LLM%20evaluation&journal=Trans.%20Assoc.%20Comput.%20Linguist.&doi=10.1162%2Ftacl_a_00681&volume=12&pages=933-949&publication_year=2024&author=Mizrahi%2CM) 38. Serapio-García, G. 等。大语言模型中人格特质评估与塑造的心理测量框架。《自然-机器智能》**7**，1954–1968（2025年）。文章（https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs42256-025-01115-6）PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=39546411)Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20psychometric%20framework%20for%20evaluating%20and%20shaping%20personality%20traits%20in%20large%20language%20models&journal=Nat.%20Mach.%20Intell.&doi=10.1038%2Fs42256-025-01115-6&volume=7&pages=1954-1968&publication_year=2025&author=Serapio-Garcia%2CG&author=... )