Where, What, Why, and Importance: Structured Defect Grounding for Text-to-Image Feedback

Hugging Face Daily Papers Papers
structured-defect-grounding text-to-image defect-detection vision-language-model diffusion-models alignment dataset

Summary

This paper introduces Structured Defect Grounding (SDG), a method that models text-to-image defects as structured (location, type, reason, importance) tuples and uses VLMs for detection, along with a 30K-image dataset SDG-30K and a diagnosis-to-alignment framework called BoxFlow-GRPO.

Despite generating increasingly photorealistic images, text-to-image (T2I) models still exhibit localized, subtle, and structurally complex failures. Diagnosing these failures requires instance-level feedback that answers where a defect occurs, what type it is, why it is defective, and its importance to overall image quality. While recent dense-feedback methods move beyond scalar supervision, their heatmap-centric representations still formulate diagnosis as pixel-field regression, making it difficult to localize variable-cardinality defects and bind semantic reasons to individual failures. To address this representation bottleneck, we propose Structured Defect Grounding (SDG), which casts T2I diagnosis as structured set prediction by modeling each defect as a (location, type, reason, importance) tuple. To make this formulation trainable and measurable, we introduce SDG-30K, a 30K-image dataset with box-grounded annotations across four modern T2I generators, together with a dedicated evaluation protocol, SDG-Eval. Building on this structured representation, we further present a diagnosis-to-alignment framework in which a Vision-Language Model (VLM) serves as the SDG detector, and BoxFlow-GRPO converts predicted defect sets into box-derived, importance-weighted spatial rewards for diffusion model alignment. Extensive experiments show that our SDG detector outperforms leading proprietary VLMs on structured defect grounding, while SDG-guided rewards consistently improve T2I alignment and support localized image refinement. These results establish SDG as a unified, instance-level interface for diagnosing, evaluating, and enhancing modern generative models.
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Paper page - Where, What, Why, and Importance: Structured Defect Grounding for Text-to-Image Feedback

Source: https://huggingface.co/papers/2606.06113

Abstract

Structured Defect Grounding (SDG) addresses limitations in text-to-image model diagnosis by modeling defects as structured sets and using vision-language models for detection and reward-based alignment.

Despite generating increasingly photorealistic images, text-to-image (T2I) models still exhibit localized, subtle, and structurally complex failures. Diagnosing these failures requiresinstance-level feedbackthat answers where a defect occurs, what type it is, why it is defective, and its importance to overall image quality. While recentdense-feedback methodsmove beyond scalar supervision, their heatmap-centric representations still formulate diagnosis aspixel-field regression, making it difficult to localizevariable-cardinality defectsand bind semantic reasons to individual failures. To address this representation bottleneck, we propose StructuredDefect Grounding(SDG), which casts T2I diagnosis asstructured set predictionby modeling each defect as a (location, type, reason, importance) tuple. To make this formulation trainable and measurable, we introduce SDG-30K, a 30K-image dataset with box-grounded annotations across four modern T2I generators, together with a dedicated evaluation protocol, SDG-Eval. Building on this structured representation, we further present a diagnosis-to-alignment framework in which aVision-Language Model(VLM) serves as the SDG detector, and BoxFlow-GRPO converts predicted defect sets into box-derived, importance-weightedspatial rewardsfordiffusion model alignment. Extensive experiments show that our SDG detector outperforms leading proprietary VLMs on structureddefect grounding, while SDG-guided rewards consistently improve T2I alignment and support localized image refinement. These results establish SDG as a unified, instance-level interface for diagnosing, evaluating, and enhancing modern generative models.

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#### P1n3/sdg-detector-sft Image-Text-to-Text• 4B• Updated1 day ago • 27 #### P1n3/sdg-detector-grpo Image-Text-to-Text• 4B• Updated1 day ago • 14 #### P1n3/boxflow-grpo-flux-lora Text-to-Image• Updated1 day ago • 16

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