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The Tokenizer Tax Across 25 European Languages: Domain Invariance, Cross-Lingual Few-Shot Effects, and the Ukrainian Penalty

arXiv cs.CL · 2026-05-26 Cached

This paper measures tokenizer fertility across 25 European languages on parallel text, revealing a 2.5x spread from English to Greek/Maltese, with Ukrainian paying a 15-18% penalty. It demonstrates domain invariance of fertility rankings, analyzes subword fragmentation, and evaluates cross-lingual few-shot effects.

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