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Detecting Ladder Logic Bombs in IEC 61131-3 PLC Programs using ESBMC-PLC+: A Formal Verification Approach with Trigger Synthesis

arXiv cs.CL · 2026-07-10 Cached

This paper presents ESBMC-LLB, a formal verification approach to detect Ladder Logic Bombs in IEC 61131-3 PLC programs by synthesizing triggers and using ESBMC-PLC+ as the verification engine, achieving high detection rates on public datasets.

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