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This paper quantifies and expands the theoretical capacity of late-interaction retrieval models, showing that MaxSim can replicate inner products between non-negative vectors and proposing Signed MaxSim for arbitrary real-valued vectors, revealing a representation gap between inner product and late-interaction models.
Perplexity AI releases pplx-embed-v1-late-0.6b, a small ColBERT late-interaction embedding model for retrieval, fine-tuned from their existing embedding model and optimized for MaxSim scoring, now open-source on HuggingFace.