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Theory of Mind and Persuasion Beyond Conversation: Assessing the Capacity of LLMs to Induce Belief States via Planning and Action

arXiv cs.CL · 2026-07-01 Cached

This paper introduces Non-Conversational Planning Theory of Mind (NCP-ToM) and a novel evaluation framework, NCP-ExploreToM, to assess whether LLMs can induce specific belief states in other agents through actions rather than conversation. Testing on frontier models and humans across 600 tasks, GPT-5 achieved ~80% success, outperforming humans, though all models struggled more with false belief states.

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