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Comparing the positioning differences between the ESP32 and STM32: the ESP32 is Espressif's low-cost connectivity solution with integrated WiFi/Bluetooth — higher power draw, but deep sleep can reach 10µA; the STM32 is ST's industrial-grade low-power series, with the L series drawing under 1µA in Stop mode, but requiring an external wireless module. Selection should balance connectivity needs against power targets.