Trends in AI and Human-AI Interaction in Clinical Trials -- A Hybrid Human-AI Exploration

arXiv cs.AI Papers
ai clinical-trials human-ai-interaction trends hybrid-methodology llm gpt-5.5

Summary

This paper analyzes temporal and geographical trends in AI terminology in clinical trials from clinicaltrials.gov, using a hybrid human-AI approach with GPT-5.5. It finds increasing AI-related trials, with China and the US leading, and discusses the viability of hybrid screening for human-AI interaction classification.

arXiv:2605.29096v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: This paper examines records retrieved from the ClinicalTrials.gov registry to characterize temporal trends in AI terminology and the geographical distribution of AI trials. The work also reports on an exploratory hybrid human-AI approach to analyzing human-AI interaction trends in registered clinical trials. The hybrid workflow comprised a frontier generative AI model (GPT-5.5) and human review to screen and categorize records returned by an AI-focused search. The findings indicate a marked increase in AI-related trials over time, with recent growth in references to machine learning, deep learning, chatbots, GPTs, and large language models. Geographically, China and the United States accounted for the largest numbers of AI-related trials, with notable recent increases in several other countries including Italy, France, Spain, the UK and Turkey (T\"urkiye). In a random sample of 100 records, human and AI classifiers showed good agreement in identifying studies not substantively using AI, but lower agreement in classifying human-AI interaction, particularly where health professional interaction was ambiguous or insufficiently described. Overall, the results suggest that hybrid human-AI screening of clinical trial records is potentially viable, but clearer trial reporting and more precise interaction definitions will benefit the process.
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# Trends in AI and Human-AI Interaction in Clinical Trials -- A Hybrid Human-AI Exploration
Source: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.29096](https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.29096)
[View PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2605.29096)

> Abstract:This paper examines records retrieved from the[this http URL](http://clinicaltrials.gov/)registry to characterize temporal trends in AI terminology and the geographical distribution of AI trials\. The work also reports on an exploratory hybrid human\-AI approach to analyzing human\-AI interaction trends in registered clinical trials\. The hybrid workflow comprised a frontier generative AI model \(GPT\-5\.5\) and human review to screen and categorize records returned by an AI\-focused search\. The findings indicate a marked increase in AI\-related trials over time, with recent growth in references to machine learning, deep learning, chatbots, GPTs, and large language models\. Geographically, China and the United States accounted for the largest numbers of AI\-related trials, with notable recent increases in several other countries including Italy, France, Spain, the UK and Turkey \(Türkiye\)\. In a random sample of 100 records, human and AI classifiers showed good agreement in identifying studies not substantively using AI, but lower agreement in classifying human\-AI interaction, particularly where health professional interaction was ambiguous or insufficiently described\. Overall, the results suggest that hybrid human\-AI screening of clinical trial records is potentially viable, but clearer trial reporting and more precise interaction definitions will benefit the process\.

## Submission history

From: Tim Collins \[[view email](https://arxiv.org/show-email/a622cc52/2605.29096)\] **\[v1\]**Wed, 27 May 2026 20:56:36 UTC \(472 KB\)

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