Johnson 热电能量转换器

# 约翰逊热电能量转换器 来源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_thermoelectric_energy_converter 来自维基百科，自由的百科全书 **约翰逊热电能量转换器**（**JTEC**）是一种固态热机，利用氢在双电池热循环中的电化学氧化和还原，近似埃里克森循环[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_thermoelectric_energy_converter#cite_note-1)。该技术正被研究作为传统热电转换的可行替代方案。发明者Lonnie Johnson声称该转换器的能量转换效率可达60%[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_thermoelectric_energy_converter#cite_note-2)，但这一说法基于与卡诺循环的理论比较，并假设温度梯度为600°C[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_thermoelectric_energy_converter#cite_note-3)。该技术最初曾向海军研究办公室申请资助但被拒绝。Johnson后来通过将引擎描述为氢燃料电池而获得资助。Johnson曾与PARC合作开发该引擎[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_thermoelectric_energy_converter#cite_note-4)。 ## 工作原理 \[编辑 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnson_thermoelectric_energy_converter&action=edit&section=1)\] JTEC是一种热机，通过压缩和膨胀氢气将热能转化为电能。它以封闭系统运行，无传统机械运动部件，无需燃料输入，且不产生废气。该引擎包含两个阶段：低温压缩阶段和高温发电阶段。每个阶段均包含一个工作流体腔室，由铜衬里膜电极组件(MEA)分隔。MEA是一种专有陶瓷质子交换膜(PEM)，夹在两电极之间[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_thermoelectric_energy_converter#cite_note-5)。 其运行方式类似于碱金属热电转换器，但使用氢气作为工作流体，而非难以处理的活性极高的熔融碱金属。在高温发电阶段，来自压缩阶段的膨胀高压氢气通过MEA将热能转化为电能。当高温高压氢气被迫通过PEM时，氢气被电离，产生质子和电子。质子穿过膜，而电极则将电子通过负载排出。质子穿过PEM后与电子重新结合，产生低压氢气，流向压缩阶段。从高温阶段的角度看，负载包括引擎的外部负载和低温压缩阶段。在压缩阶段，在MEA上施加电势，迫使质子通过PEM，产生高压氢气。当氢气在两个阶段之间流动时，它会经过一个热交换器，该热交换器通过帮助保持高温阶段的热量和低温阶段的冷量来提高效率。 可供外部负载使用的能量是在低温下压缩氢气所需的电势与在高温下膨胀氢气所产生的电势之差。与其他热泵装置不同，JTEC需要初始电能输入来启动压缩阶段并启动循环。原则上，该引擎也可以反向运行，将电能转化为温度差，例如用于暖通空调应用。在一项拟议应用中，太阳辐照将加热发电阶段，而压缩阶段则连接到环境温度的散热器。 该引擎的可扩展性使其开发者声称其潜在应用范围从为微机电系统(MEMS)供电到作为大规模发电厂使用。 该转换器可使用多种不同形式的燃料，无需像内燃机那样针对燃料进行定制，并且可以从燃料燃烧、太阳辐照、工业低品位废热或其他发电系统（如燃料电池、内燃机或涡轮机）中发电，因为它作为外燃机运行。[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_thermoelectric_energy_converter#cite_note-6) - 碱金属热电转换器 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali-metal_thermal_to_electric_converter) 1. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_thermoelectric_energy_converter#cite_ref-1)"The Johnson Thermoelectric Energy Conversion System (JTEC)" (http://www.brighthub.com/environment/renewable-energy/articles/54332.aspx)（文章）。Bright Hub. 2010-09-26. 检索于2010-09-26。 2. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_thermoelectric_energy_converter#cite_ref-2)Johnson, Lonnie G. (February 2019)."Johnson Thermo-Electrochemical Converter (JTEC) as a Heat to Electric Generator for Nuclear Power Systems" (https://web.archive.org/web/20240104115557/https://anstd.ans.org/NETS-2019-Papers/Track-5--Radioisotope-Power-Systems/abstract-97-0.pdf) (PDF).*Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space, American Nuclear Society Topical Meeting, Richland, WA*.美国核学会. 存档自原件 (http://anstd.ans.org/NETS-2019-Papers/Track-5--Radioisotope-Power-Systems/abstract-97-0.pdf) (PDF)于2024-01-04。 3. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_thermoelectric_energy_converter#cite_ref-3)Ward, Logan (1 January 2008)."Super Soaker Inventor Aims to Cut Solar Costs in Half" (http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/green-energy/4243793)（文章）。*Popular Mechanics*. 检索于2010-09-18. 4. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_thermoelectric_energy_converter#cite_ref-4)Ward, Logan (1 October 2010)."Shooting for the Sun" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151228181130/https://www.parc.com/event/713/high-efficiency-solid-state-engine.html).*The Atlantic*. 存档自原件 (https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/11/shooting-for-the-sun/8268/1/)（文章）于2015-12-28. 检索于2010-10-01. 5. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_thermoelectric_energy_converter#cite_ref-5)Johnson, Lonnie G. (29 January 2009)."High efficiency solid state engine" (https://www.parc.com/event/713/high-efficiency-solid-state-engine.html). PARC. 检索于2010-09-18. 6. ↑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_thermoelectric_energy_converter#cite_ref-6)"Johnson Thermo-Electrochemical Converter System" (http://www.johnsonems.com/)（公司网站）. Johnson Electro-Mechanical Systems. 检索于2010-09-18. - Podpirka, A.A.; Dilworth, T.D.; Campbell, T.; Jones, J.P.; Johnson, P.I.; Yuan, Y.; Mondal, S.; Ramanathan, S.; Miller, T.F.; Johnson, D.; McQuary, M.; Johnson, L.G.; Ostdiek, P.; Srinivasan, R. (2022). "JTEC: The Johnson Thermo-electrochemical Convertor for Heat-to-Electric Conversion".*Proceedings of Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space, NETS 2022*. American Nuclear Society. pp.63–68.doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.13182/NETS22-38709 (https://doi.org/10.13182%2FNETS22-38709).ISBN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))978-0-89448-782-8 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89448-782-8). - Huang, F.; Pingitore, A.T.; Campbell, T.; Knight, A.; Johnson, D.; Johnson, L.G.; Benicewicz, B.C. (2019)."High-temperature electrochemical converter as advanced power cycle in small scale heat recovery applications" (https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104245942/acsaem-libre.pdf) (PDF).*ACS Applied Energy Materials*.**3**(1):614–624.doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.1021/acsaem.9b01830 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facsaem.9b01830). - Miller, T.F. (2021)."Parametric modeling of a solid state Ericsson cycle heat engine" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360544221016613).*Energy*.**236**121413.doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.1016/j.energy.2021.121413 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.energy.2021.121413). - Baiguini, M.; Di Marcoberardino, G.; Iora, P.; Mastropasqua, L. (2026). "High-temperature electrochemical converter as advanced power cycle in small scale heat recovery applications".*Energy Conversion and Management*.**350**120984.doi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120984 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enconman.2025.120984). - 视频：Solve for x Moonshots (https://archive.today/20140216033958/https://www.solveforx.com/moonshots/lonnie-johnson-heat-direct-to-electric-energy)2014