Diverse Dictionary Learning

Hugging Face Daily Papers Papers

Summary

The paper introduces diverse dictionary learning, showing that key set-theoretic relationships among latent variables can be identified from observational data without strong assumptions, enabling partial or full identifiability with minimal inductive bias.

Given only observational data X = g(Z), where both the latent variables Z and the generating process g are unknown, recovering Z is ill-posed without additional assumptions. Existing methods often assume linearity or rely on auxiliary supervision and functional constraints. However, such assumptions are rarely verifiable in practice, and most theoretical guarantees break down under even mild violations, leaving uncertainty about how to reliably understand the hidden world. To make identifiability actionable in the real-world scenarios, we take a complementary view: in the general settings where full identifiability is unattainable, what can still be recovered with guarantees, and what biases could be universally adopted? We introduce the problem of diverse dictionary learning to formalize this view. Specifically, we show that intersections, complements, and symmetric differences of latent variables linked to arbitrary observations, along with the latent-to-observed dependency structure, are still identifiable up to appropriate indeterminacies even without strong assumptions. These set-theoretic results can be composed using set algebra to construct structured and essential views of the hidden world, such as genus-differentia definitions. When sufficient structural diversity is present, they further imply full identifiability of all latent variables. Notably, all identifiability benefits follow from a simple inductive bias during estimation that can be readily integrated into most models. We validate the theory and demonstrate the benefits of the bias on both synthetic and real-world data.
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Source: https://huggingface.co/papers/2604.17568

Abstract

Without strong assumptions, latent variable recovery is made possible through diverse dictionary learning that identifies set-theoretic relationships and structures from observational data.

Given onlyobservational dataX = g(Z), where both thelatent variablesZ and the generating process g are unknown, recovering Z is ill-posed without additional assumptions. Existing methods often assume linearity or rely on auxiliary supervision and functional constraints. However, such assumptions are rarely verifiable in practice, and most theoretical guarantees break down under even mild violations, leaving uncertainty about how to reliably understand the hidden world. To makeidentifiabilityactionable in the real-world scenarios, we take a complementary view: in the general settings where fullidentifiabilityis unattainable, what can still be recovered with guarantees, and what biases could be universally adopted? We introduce the problem ofdiverse dictionary learningto formalize this view. Specifically, we show that intersections, complements, and symmetric differences oflatent variableslinked to arbitrary observations, along with the latent-to-observed dependency structure, are still identifiable up to appropriate indeterminacies even without strong assumptions. These set-theoretic results can be composed using set algebra to construct structured and essential views of the hidden world, such as genus-differentia definitions. When sufficientstructural diversityis present, they further imply fullidentifiabilityof alllatent variables. Notably, allidentifiabilitybenefits follow from a simpleinductive biasduring estimation that can be readily integrated into most models. We validate the theory and demonstrate the benefits of the bias on both synthetic and real-world data.

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