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Detectable Only Where It Is Confounded: What Verified Duplication Counts Say About Membership Evidence in Language Models

arXiv cs.CL ↗ · 2026-09-11 Cached

This paper investigates membership inference in language models by using exact duplication counts from open pretraining corpora of OLMo-2 and Pythia, revealing that typical duplication levels show minimal exposure traces and that apparent membership signals are often confounded with factors like sentence fame.

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